DOCTORATE IN MORAL THEOLOGY, GREGORIAN UNIVERSITY, ROME, ITALY
• DOCTORATE IN GENETICS, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, INDIANA
• ALFRED CIOFFI
• CATHOLIC PRIEST, ARCHDIOCESE OF MIAMI
• DOCTORATE IN MORAL THEOLOGY, GREGORIAN UNIVERSITY, ROME, ITALY
• DOCTORATE IN GENETICS, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, INDIANA
• ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, BIOLOGY AND BIOETHICS
• DIRECTOR, INSTITUTE FOR BIOETHICS
BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
Introduction
• PRESENTATIONS
• THINK
• RESPECT
• HONOR CODE
• ON TIME
• QUIZZES
• TAKE NOTES
• AVERAGE
CANVAS
HUMAN BIO-ETHICS: evidence-based
• BEGINNING OF LIFE
• HEALTHCARE
• END OF LIFE
BIO-ETHICS
PRINCIPLED
UTILITARIAN
or…
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
• ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF HUMAN EMBRYO
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: INVOLVES FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZATION: INVOLVES FUSION OF GAMETES
AT FERTILIZATION THE DIPLOID NUMBER (2n) IS RESTORED
GAMETES = SEX CELLS (SPERM & OVA), PRODUCED BY MEIOSIS
FIRST, A REVIEW OF MITOSIS
b
d
c
a
chromatin
2n
2n
b
d
c
a
chromatin
2n
2n
X
X X
X
2b
1a
1b
2a
chromatin
2n
2n
2b1b 1a
2a
2b1b 1a
2a
1a 1b
2b
2a
2b1b 1a
2a
2a 2b
1b
1a
DNA REPLICATION
SISTER CHROMATIDS
Temporary “4n” stage
2b1b 1a
2a
CELL CYCLE
G = GAP
S = SYNTHESIS
2n
2n
2n
MEIOSIS: DOUBLE CELLULAR SPLIT: ONE CELL -> -> 4 CELLS
• RECOMBINATION (CROSSING OVER)
• FROM DIPLOID NUMBER (2n) -> HAPLOID NUMBER (n) = CHROMATIC REDUCTION
2a
2b 1a
1b
2a
2b
1a
1b
2a2b
1a1b
DNA RECOMBINATION = CROSSING OVER
MEIOSIS = FORMATION OF GAMETES (SEX CELLS), HAPLOID
SPERMATOGENESIS -> SPERM (n) GAMETOGENESIS
OOGENESIS -> OVUM (n)
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Primary oocyte (2n)
Polar bodies
H. sapiens # OF CHROMOSOMES = 46 = 23 “PAIRS” ONLY IDENTICAL IN FEMALE (XX)
• 22 PAIRS = AUTOSOMES
• 1 PAIR = SEX CHROMOSOMES
THEREFORE, IN HUMANS:
• n = 23 (gametes)
• 2n = 46 (somatic cells)
Seminiferous tubules
Ovarian follicles
VIDEOS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
From fertilization to birth 6 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kC6p1twkXkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kC6p1twkXk
EGG + SPERM = ZYGOTE
ZYGON (GK) = YOKED OR LINKED
ZYGOTE DNA:
• 50% OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL COMES FROM THE MOTHER
• 50% FROM THE FATHER
0.1 mm 0.005 mm 0.05 mm
= SYNGAMY
Ampulla
DAY 1
DAY 7
Endometrium
ZYGOTE
M O
RU LA
COMPACTION
BLASTOMERES
MALE & FEMALE PRONUCLEI
FIRST CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION = 2 CELL LAYERS
(INNER CELL MASS)
1 2 3
4 5 6
IMPLANTATION
FURTHER CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION: 3 GERM LAYERS
( ICM )
GASTRULATION
THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMNET:
GASTRULA
LONGITUDINAL VIEW CROSS SECTION
NEURAL GROOVE
~ 1 inch
EIGHT WEEKS
EMBRYO FETUS
FETUS
VIDEOS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Conception to birth — visualized | Alexander Tsiaras 10 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70
THEREFORE, REGARDING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT:
CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
FROM THE ZYGOTE, THROUGH 9 MONTHS, UP TO BIRTH.
AFER BIRTH, DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES, UP TO ADULTHOOD.
ADULTHOOD DEFINED BIOLOGICALLY; MATURITY OF SEXUAL ORGANS.
THAT IS, CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING:
FOR WOMAN: OVULATING MATURE EGGS AND CAPABLE OF SUSTAINING A PREGNANCY
FOR MAN: PRODUCTION OF COMPETENT SPERM AND CAPABLE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
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