Peer Review On Aviation

Peer review

· Read and reply to at least two of your classmates’ postings and a peer review at least 300 words per review.

Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
Peer Review On Aviation
Just from $13/Page
Order Essay

Peer review #1

     Flight 1549 will forever be remembered as the “Miracle on the Hudson” (Atkins, 2010). On January 15th, 2009, an A320 landed in New York’s Hudson River due to a dual engine failure caused by geese. Captain Sullenberger and the flight crew’s rapid and accurate responses led to zero injuries and an undamaged airframe (Atkins). Flight 1549 is a great example to explore on a deeper basis for the future of autonomy. 

     The Airbus A320 utilized on Flight 1549 had numerous autonomous controls, such as autopilot and autothrottle but nothing capable of calculating a safe emergency landing. Although the aircraft was equipped with an advanced avionics systems, it reverted to the pilot making the crucial decision of how to safely proceed (Atkins, 2010). The avionics system knew all the critical information, such as terrain, airspeed, obstacles, wind, and airport coordinates but could not autonomously land safely at an airport (Langewiesche, 2009). With all this data in hand, the system’s job was to simply provide input to the pilot, leaving the pilot to output the critical decision of where to land. 

      Although Flight 1549 was not equipped with a system that could safely emergency land autonomously, Atkins describes an adaptive flight planning automation aid with the potential to identify emergency landing plans in under a second. Additionally, this system would communicate efficiently the plan and state of aircraft to Air Traffic Control (Atkins, 2009). As technology grows and the demand for autonomous systems increases, more learning will come. In order for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to safely integrate into the National Airspace, many scenarios, some of which can not even be imagined at the moment, will need to be thought of and incorporated into the design. 

     In the case of Flight 1549, Captain Sullenberger and his flight crew brought expertise and composure to a situation that could have led to potential fatalities. In manned aircraft, pilots bring senses, gut feelings, and most importantly prior knowledge to the operation. An autonomous system relies solely on input from the other aircraft systems. In a UAS, if these other systems were to fail it could lead to potential fatalities. On the other hand, Flight 1549 could have had a very different ending if another pilot and crew were on board. Unmanned and manned each have their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, the best thing that can be done is to learn from one another and work to improve. 

References

Atkins, E.Emergency landing automation aids: An evaluation inspired by US airways flight 1549. (2010) doi:10.2514/6.2010-3381

W. Langewiesche, Fly by Wire: The Geese, the Glide, the Miracle on the Hudson, Farrar, Staus, and Giroux, New York, 2009.

Answers:

Peer Review #2

There are many examples in aviation history of pilot intervention averting catastrophe, but the most timely and profound is the “miracle on the Hudson.” The miracle was the skill, experience, calmly executed, and perfect judgment of Captain Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger, aboard the A320. The A320 is a “fly-by-wire” airplane, which means that pilot control inputs on the side-sticks are processed by flight control computers that then send electrical signals to the hydraulic actuators that move the pitch and roll flight control surfaces – the pilots do not directly control the plane’s movement. The A320 fly-by-wire design incorporates flight envelope protections; the flight computers are designed to prevent exceedance of the safe flight envelope in the pitch-and-roll axes when in “normal law,” which is the normal operating mode of the airplane’s electronic flight control system (NTSB, 2009). Normal law is one of three sets of control laws (the other two control laws are “alternate law” and “direct law”), which are provided according to the status of the computers, peripherals, and hydraulic generation. The airplane cannot be stalled in normal law. According to the Airbus Flight Crew Training Manual, control law is the “relationship between the pilot’s input on the side-stick, and the aircraft’s response,” which determines the handling characteristics of the aircraft (NTSB, 2009).

            Automation, however, does not eliminate errors. Rather, it changes the nature of the errors that are made, and it makes possible new kinds of errors. The paradox of cockpit automation is that it can lower the pilot’s workload in phases of flight when the workload is already low, and it can increase the workload when the workload is already high. What automation does not account for, however, is human delay – recognizing and diagnosing the problem, weighing possible remedial options, and ultimately selecting a plan of action. Humans’ mental state, fatigue, stress, or other internal factors also influence their decision-making process; this is what humans bring into the situation (Wachter, 2015). In a series of emergency simulations run after the incident from Airbus’s headquarters in Toulouse, France, test pilots were able to safely land the aircraft at La Guardia airport if they initiated their approach immediately. The NTSB, however, ultimately rejected these simulations as reflections on Captain Sullenberger’s performance by noting that they failed to “account for real-world considerations such as time delay between the human crew’s perception and reaction (Sandberg, 2016).

            As the integration of UAS into the NAS becomes as reality, automation will continue to evolve along with it, however, I believe humans will continue to play an integral role in their operation – even if that means passively monitoring systems and intervening whenever deemed appropriately. While automation may be reliable and alleviate workload, there are still cases where it may experience failure – that is when humans will need to intervene.

References

NTSB. (2009). Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on       the Hudson River US Airways Flight 1549. Retrieved from https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1003.pdf

Sandberg. (2016). Automation algorithms could provide safe landings for disabled aircraft. Michigan Engineering. Retrieved from https://news.engin.umich.edu/2016/09/automation-algorithms-safe-landings

Wachter, B. (2015). My Interview with Capt. Sully Sullenberger: On Aviation, Medicine, and Technology. Retrieved from https://thehospitalleader.org/my-interview-with-capt-sully- sullenberger-on-aviation-medicine-and-technology/

Answer:

Calculate the price
Make an order in advance and get the best price
Pages (550 words)
$0.00
*Price with a welcome 15% discount applied.
Pro tip: If you want to save more money and pay the lowest price, you need to set a more extended deadline.
We know how difficult it is to be a student these days. That's why our prices are one of the most affordable on the market, and there are no hidden fees.

Instead, we offer bonuses, discounts, and free services to make your experience outstanding.
How it works
Receive a 100% original paper that will pass Turnitin from a top essay writing service
step 1
Upload your instructions
Fill out the order form and provide paper details. You can even attach screenshots or add additional instructions later. If something is not clear or missing, the writer will contact you for clarification.
Pro service tips
How to get the most out of your experience with Writall
One writer throughout the entire course
If you like the writer, you can hire them again. Just copy & paste their ID on the order form ("Preferred Writer's ID" field). This way, your vocabulary will be uniform, and the writer will be aware of your needs.
The same paper from different writers
You can order essay or any other work from two different writers to choose the best one or give another version to a friend. This can be done through the add-on "Same paper from another writer."
Copy of sources used by the writer
Our college essay writers work with ScienceDirect and other databases. They can send you articles or materials used in PDF or through screenshots. Just tick the "Copy of sources" field on the order form.
Testimonials
See why 20k+ students have chosen us as their sole writing assistance provider
Check out the latest reviews and opinions submitted by real customers worldwide and make an informed decision.
Other
Best writer ever
Customer 454983, February 21st, 2022
History
Perfect. Exactly what i needed
Customer 454937, October 25th, 2021
Nursing
Thank you!
Customer 454959, February 4th, 2022
Sociology
This is an exceptional paper utilizing the sources provided. Thank you so much!
Customer 454953, October 14th, 2021
Education
Awesome Job. I'll definitely request my writer again. Thank you!
Customer 455113, February 25th, 2022
Business Studies
good
Customer 454567, December 2nd, 2020
Health Care
GREAT. PERFECT TIMELINE.
Customer 455425, April 22nd, 2023
Business Studies
Excellent work
Customer 454241, November 28th, 2020
Nursing
The revised paper is well written and organized. Thank you
Customer 452723, July 24th, 2022
Other
Great Writer
Customer 454983, March 7th, 2022
Nursing
Huge help! Fantastic work!
Customer 454991, October 19th, 2021
Philosophy
The essay was very well formatted and the writer really made it detailed and concise. Followed prompt and had good evidence
Customer 454933, October 5th, 2021
11,595
Customer reviews in total
96%
Current satisfaction rate
3 pages
Average paper length
37%
Customers referred by a friend
OUR GIFT TO YOU
15% OFF your first order
Use a coupon FIRST15 and enjoy expert help with any task at the most affordable price.
Claim my 15% OFF Order in Chat
Live Chat+1(978) 822-0999EmailWhatsApp