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DUE: PAPER ONE by Sunday, February 4th at 11:59 PM.

PAPER ONE (APA/DOUBLE SPACED/ 2-4 PAGES)

How would the following theories explain domestic violence; Symbolic Interactionism, Functionalism, and Conflict theory? Consider an alternative explanation, outside of these three theories for this social issue and share it. What are the methods historians or social and behavioral scientist use to investigate this condition?

MUST include a reference page.

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The Marriage and Family
Experience: Intimate
Relationships in a Changing
Society
Chapter 2: Studying Marriages
and Families
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Outline
•
•
•
•
•
How Do We Know about Families?
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life
Researching the Family
Theoretical Perspectives on Families
Conducting Research on Families
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How Do We Know about Families? (1 of 2)
• Social research is one way we can learn about things.
• However, most of what we “know” about the social world we have “learned” elsewhere
through less systematic means.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How Do We Know about Families? (2 of 2)
• Commonsense understanding has many roots, including:
• Tradition
• Authority figures
• Media sources
• Commonsense understanding is not always the most accurate information; for example,
living together prior to marriage can lead to a cohabitation effect, which causes increased
divorce rates.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life (1 of 3)
• As of 2019, 96.1% of U.S. households owned at least one television set:
• The average U.S. adult watches nearly 4.5 hours a day of live or time-shifted TV
programs.
• U.S. adults, 18 and older, spend the equivalent of almost 11.5 hours a day connected to
some form of media.
• The extent of exposure allows the media to have a powerful effect on our values and beliefs
about family.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life (2 of 3)
• Noteworthy changes have occurred in media use among American adults, with TV
becoming less prominent and digitally accessed media becoming more prominent.
• Unrealistic depictions of married life, minimization of difficulties faced, and work/family life
balance
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life (3 of 3)
• The combined portrayal of family life on daytime
television, from the few remaining soap operas and
the variety of talk shows, is unrealistic and highly
negative.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life:
(Un)reality Television
•
•
“Reality television” highlights extreme cases or introduces artificial circumstances and/or
competitive goals:
• Much of reality television does not directly portray relationships, marriages, or families.
• There are numerous allegations of scripted content designed to create more emotional
and dramatic content.
On a positive note, increasingly, one can locate and use websites to access good, sound
objective research that can fill in the gap between knowledge we have otherwise obtained
about families.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
How the Media Misrepresent Family Life: Advice,
Information, and Self-Help Genres
•
•
There is also a media industry to support what is called “the advice and information genre”:
• This industry produces self-help and child-rearing books, advice columns, radio and
television shows, and numerous articles in magazines and newspapers.
Of all the media genres, this one can be especially misleading.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family
• The Importance of Objectivity
• Objectivity is the ability to suspend beliefs, biases, or prejudices we have about a
subject until we understand what is being said.
• Objective statements do not include personal values or feelings.
• Value judgments usually include words that mean “should” and imply that our way is the
correct way.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Value Judgments
• Value judgments lack objectivity, including:
• Opinion: based on our personal experiences alone
• Bias: a strong opinion that may create perspective barriers
• Stereotype: a set of simplistic, rigidly held, and overgeneralized beliefs about a group
of people
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Fallacies
• Fallacies are errors in reasoning:
• Egocentric fallacy
• Belief that everyone has the same experiences and values that we have and
therefore should think as we do
• Ethnocentric fallacy
• Belief that our ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: the Scientific Method
• The scientific method consists of well-established procedures used to collect and analyze
information about family experiences.
• Much of the research family scientists do is shared in specialized journals, on websites, or in
books.
• Much of the information contained in this book originally appeared in scholarly journals or
government reports.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Concepts, Variables,
Hypotheses, and Theories (1 of 5)
• Concepts
• Abstract ideas that we use to represent the concrete reality in which we are interested;
involves processes of conceptualization and operationalization
• Theories
• Sets of general principles or concepts used to explain a phenomenon and to make
predictions that may be tested and verified experimentally
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Concepts, Variables,
Hypotheses, and Theories (2 of 5)
• Conceptualization
• The specification and definition of concepts used by the researcher
• Operationalization
• The identification and/or development of research strategies to observe or measure
concepts
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Concepts, Variables,
Hypotheses, and Theories (3 of 5)
• Deductive research
• Using key concepts as variables and testing hypotheses
• Hypotheses
• Predictions about the relationships between marital status and other variables
• Variables
• Concepts that can vary in some meaningful way
• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Intervening variables
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Concepts, Variables,
Hypotheses, and Theories (4 of 5)
• Inductive research
• Using grounded theory that is rooted in observation of details
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Researching the Family: Concepts, Variables,
Hypotheses, and Theories (5 of 5)
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Ecology Theory (1 of 2)
•
Family ecology theory emphasizes how families are influenced by (and, in turn, influence)
the wider environment.
• The core concepts in ecological theory include environment and adaptation.
• Initially used to refer to the adaptation of plant and animal species to their physical
environments, these concepts were later extended to humans and their physical,
social, cultural, and economic environments.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Ecology Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Family Ecology Theory
• Not always clear which system best accounts for the behavior we attempt to explain or
how the different systems influence each other
• Has been more effectively applied to individual or familial development and growth
• May not apply to a range of diverse and/or nontraditional families
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Structural
Functionalism Theory (1 of 2)
•
When structural functionalists study the family, they look at three aspects:
• What functions the family as an institution serves for society
• What functional requirements family members perform for the family
• What needs the family meets for its individual members
•
Structural functionalism treats society as a living organism, like a person, animal, or tree.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Structural
Functionalism Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Structural Functionalism Theory
• How do we know which family functions are vital?
• It looks at the family abstractly and views the family in terms of functions and roles.
• It is not always clear what function a particular structure serves.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Conflict
Theory (1 of 2)
•
Conflict theory holds that life involves discord and competition. Within the family:
• Sources of Conflict
• Marriages and families are composed of individuals with different personalities,
ideas, values, tastes, and goals.
• Sources of Power
• Family members have different resources and amounts of power. There are four
important sources of power: legitimacy, money, physical coercion, and love.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Conflict
Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Conflict Theory
• Conflict theory derives from politics and economics, in which self-interest, egotism, and
competition are dominant elements.
• Conflict theorists do not often talk about the power of love or bonding, yet the presence
of love and bonding may distinguish the family from all other groups in society.
• Conflict theorists assume that differences lead to conflict. Differences can also be
accepted, tolerated, or appreciated.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Gender and
Feminist Perspectives (1 of 2)
•
Feminists critically examine the ways in which family experience is shaped by gender.
•
They argue that gender and family are concepts created by society.
• Feminists have an action orientation alongside their analytical one as they strive to
raise society’s level of awareness regarding the oppression of women.
•
They argue that gender includes men.
• Feminists focus on how men’s experiences are shaped by cultural ideas about
masculinity and their efforts to either live up to or challenge those ideas.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Gender and
Feminist Perspectives (2 of 2)
•
Critique of Feminist Perspectives
• The feminist perspective is not a unified theory; rather, it represents thinking across the
feminist movement.
• Some family scholars who conceptualize family life and work as a “calling” have taken
issue with feminists’ focus on power and economics as a description of family.
• Sometimes feminist approaches are criticized for ignoring the perspectives of men.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Symbolic
Interaction Theory (1 of 3)
•
Symbolic interaction theory looks at how people interact with one another:
• We interpret or attach meanings to interactions, situations, roles, relationships, and
other individuals whenever we encounter them.
•
In marital and family relationships, our interactions are partly structured by social roles.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Symbolic
Interaction Theory (2 of 3)
How family members interact with
one another is partly determined
by how they define their roles and
by the meanings they attach to
behaviors such as housework and
child care.
• Structured-planning parents
• Child-centered parents
• Time-available parents
[Author Name], [Book Title], [#] Edition. © [Insert Year] Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Symbolic
Interaction Theory (3 of 3)
•
Critiques of Symbolic Interaction Theory
• It tends to minimize the role of power in relationships.
• It does not fully account for the psychological aspects of human life.
• It does not place marriage or family within a larger social context.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Social
Exchange Theory (1 of 2)
•
According to the social exchange theory, we measure our actions and relationships on a
cost–benefit basis, seeking to maximize rewards and minimize costs by employing our
resources to gain the most favorable outcome.
•
A corollary to exchange is equity, the idea that exchange should be fair and balanced.
• People consciously or unconsciously use their various resources to get what they
want—“turn on the charm.”
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Social
Exchange Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Social Exchange Theory
• It assumes that we are all rational, calculating individuals, weighing the costs and
rewards of our relationships and making cost–benefit comparisons of all alternatives.
• It is difficult to ascertain the value of costs, rewards, and resources, as such values
may vary considerably from person to person or situation to situation.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Development Theory (1 of 2)
•
Family development theory is the only theory exclusively directed at families, and it
emphasizes the patterned changes that occur in families through stages and across time.
•
Family development theory looks at the changes in the family that typically commence in
the formation of the premarital relationship, proceed through marriage, and continue
through subsequent sequential stages.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Development Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Family Development Theory
• It assumes the sequential processes of intact, nuclear families; it downplays diverse
families.
• Gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, and social class all create variations in how
we experience family dynamics, and the very sequence of stages may only reflect a
middle- to upper-class family reality.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Systems Theory (1 of 2)
•
Family systems theory combines two of the previous sociological theories, structural
functionalism and symbolic interaction, to form a more psychological (even therapeutic)
theory.
•
It considers structures and patterns of interaction.
•
It emphasizes the analysis of family dynamics.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Theoretical Perspectives on Families: Family
Systems Theory (2 of 2)
•
Critiques of Family Systems Theory
• Researchers disagree on the basic concepts of family systems theory.
• Family systems theory has been applied in clinical settings but has not been well
tested outside of this approach.
• Do these insights apply to healthy families?
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families
•
Quantitative research
• Deals with large quantities of information that is analyzed and presented statistically
•
Qualitative research
• Concerns a detailed understanding of the object of study
•
Secondary data analysis
• Reanalyzes data originally collected for another purpose
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Ethics in Family
Research (1 of 2)
•
Family science researchers conduct their investigations using ethical guidelines agreed
on and shared by professional researchers.
•
Guidelines protect the privacy and safety of people who provide information in research.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Ethics in Family
Research (2 of 2)
•
Anonymity is when no one, including the researchers, can connect particular responses to
the individuals who provided them.
•
Confidentiality is when the researchers know the identities of participants and can
connect what was said to who said it but promise not to reveal such information publicly.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Types of Family
Research
•
Survey research
•
Clinical research
•
Observational research
•
Experimental research
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Survey
Research
•
Uses questionnaires or interviews
•
Time use surveys
•
Most popular data-gathering technique
•
May be conducted by phone or written questionnaires
•
Secondary analysis of existing survey data
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Observational
Research
•
Scholars attempt to study behavior systematically through direct observation.
•
A disadvantage is that researchers may bring in their own biases and misinterpret what
they see.
•
Observers cannot see “behind closed doors.”
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Experimental
Research
•
Isolation of a single factor under controlled circumstances to determine its influence
•
Enables researchers to control many factors and isolate variables
•
A major problem is that families may respond differently in real life than in controlled
situations.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Clinical and
Applied Family Research (1 of 2)
•
In-depth examination of a person or small group
•
Case-study method
•
Helpful in developing insight into family processes
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: Clinical and
Applied Family Research (2 of 2)
•
The focus of research is the application and generation of concepts.
•
Applied researchers give basic information to policy makers and program directors.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Conducting Research on Families: How to Think
about Research
•
Researchers occasionally arrive at very different findings and draw even contrary
conclusions.
•
Differences in sampling and methodological techniques help explain why studies of the
same phenomenon arrive at different conclusions.
•
There will always be exceptions to any pattern of findings that family scientists identify.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
The Marriage and Family
Experience: Intimate
Relationships in a Changing
Society
Chapter 1: The Meaning of
Marriage and the Family
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
SUBJECTIVITY VS. OBJECTIVITY
• Subjective: Beliefs about a subject modified or affected by personal views, experiences, or
background.
• Objective: Suspending beliefs, biases, or prejudices we have about a subject until we really
understand what is being said.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
WHAT IS FAMILY?
•
Please list all the people you consider to be apart of your family. Examples: Mom, Dad,
Aunt…….
•
You may or may not put people that are NOT blood related.
•
You may or may not put a person that IS blood related.
•
You may or may not put a family pet.
•
Should the definition of family change as society changes and becomes more accepting
and diverse??
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
DEFINITION OF FAMILY
•
United States of Bureau of the Census Definition: Two or more persons living together and
related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
•
Contemporary Definition: A group of people who simply define themselves as family based
on feelings of love, respect, commitment, and responsibility to and identification with one
another.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
???????
•
Most people agree that marriages and families underwent major changes during the last
half of the twentieth; however, few people link these changes to larger societal changes
that have taken place. Identify some of the major social changes that have taken place
during the past 70 years and discuss their impact on contemporary marriages and families.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Marriage, Family, and Television
•
Many of our ideas about families are not formed by real-world experiences, but by
television experiences.
•
Television has a significant influence in shaping our ideas, values, and beliefs about
marriage, family, and other relationships.
•
Television transmits and reinforces social values.
•
Television provides models which influence how we interact others and how we expect
others to interact with us.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Television Activity
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Is Marriage? What Is Family? (1 of 2)
• A marriage is a socially and legally recognized union between two people in which they are
united sexually, cooperate economically, and may give birth to, adopt, or rear children.
• The union is assumed to be permanent, though it may be dissolved by separation or
divorce.
• As simple as such a definition may make marriage seem, it differs among cultures and has
changed considerably in our society.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Is Marriage? What Is Family? (2 of 2)
Figure 1.1 Marital Status, U.S. Population 18 and Older
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Shared Features of Marriage
•
•
Despite cultural and historical variation, the following characteristics seem to be shared
among all marriages:
• The establishment of rights and obligations connected to gender, sexuality, kin
relationships, and legitimacy of children.
• Specified rights and duties of husbands and wives and their responsibilities within the
wider community.
• The orderly transfer of wealth and property from one generation to the next.
• The assignment of responsibility for caring for and socializing children to the spouses or
their relatives.
Television shows depict marriage and marital roles differently and not always accurately.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Who May Marry?
• As of June 2015, same-sex
marriage is now legal in the United
States.
• This ruling came down from the
U.S. Supreme Court through
Obergefell v. Hodges.
• In this photo, James Obergefell
holds a picture of his late husband.
Obergefell’s fight to have his name
listed on the death certificate as
spouse prompted this court ruling.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
READ: “Public Policies, Private Lives”
PG: 9
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Forms of Marriage
• Monogamy
• The practice of having only one spouse at a time
• The only legal form of marriage in the United States
• The most widely practiced form of marriage worldwide
• Polygamy
• The preferred marital arrangement worldwide
• Polygyny is the practice of having two or more wives.
Accepted and found more commonly in Middle Eastern, African, Southeast Asian, and
Melanesian populations
• Polyandry is the practice of having two or more husbands.
▶ Quite rare
▶ Preferred? Practiced?
▶ VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7HKmu3eMEk 5:19 Polyandry
▶ VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-Pm5092a0c 7:32 Progressive Polygamy
▶
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
The Rights and Benefits of Marriage
• The rights and benefits of marriage include but are not limited to:
• Right to enter into a premarital agreement
• Income tax deductions, credits, rates, exemptions, and estimates
• Legal status with a partner’s children
• Partner medical decisions
• Right to inherit property
• Right to a divorce
• Award of child custody in divorce proceedings
• Payment of worker’s compensation benefits after death of spouse
• Right to support from spouse
• There are also potential personal and emotional benefits related to marriage.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Defining Family (1 of 3)
• Census Definitions
• Family
• “A group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth,
marriage, or adoption and residing together”
• Household
• “All the people who occupy a housing unit”
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Defining Family (2 of 3)
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Single Parent Housholds

8:56
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Defining Family (3 of 3)
• Most of those designated as family members are individuals related by descent, marriage,
remarriage, or adoption but some are affiliated kin or fictive kin:
• Best friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, godchild, lover, minister, neighbor, pet, priest, rabbi,
teacher
• Ethnic differences exist as to whom people consider to be family.
• The definition of “family” needs to be expanded beyond the official census definition in order
to reflect the diversity of families.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Families Do: Functions of Marriages and
Families
The family has four primary functions:
1. Families provide a source of intimate relationships, thus decreasing our feelings of isolation
and loneliness.
2. Families act as units of economic cooperation and consumption.
3. Families may produce and socialize children.
4. Families assign social statuses and roles to individuals.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
READ: The Care Families Give
Pg. 15
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
What Is Marriage? What Is Family? Types of
Families
• Family of orientation or origin
• The family into which we grow up or are born or adopted into
• May begin as a nuclear family or a single-parent family and then later develop into a
binuclear family
• Family of procreation (families we make)
• The family formed through marriage and childbearing
• Due to increase in diversity of family forms, the following could refer to the families we
make:
• The families we form through living with or cohabitating with another person, whether
married or unmarried
• The families we form through bearing and raising children
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Why Live in Families?
•
There are several advantages to living in a family:
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
•
•
•
•
Continuity as a result of emotional attachments, rights, and obligations
Close proximity
Intimate awareness of others
Economic benefits
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Extended Families and Kinship (1 of 2)
• Extended Family
• Consists of not only the cohabiting couple and their children but also grandparents,
aunts, uncles, cousins, and in-laws. In the United States, we see this most exhibited as
the modified extended family.
• In most non-European countries, this is the most common family unit.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Extended Families and Kinship (2 of 2)
• Kinship System
• The social organization of the family
• Family relationships are created in two ways:
• Conjugal relationships: relationships created through marriage
• Consanguineous relationships: relationships created through biological (blood)
ties—birth and descent
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Multiple Viewpoints of Families: Religious
Affiliation
•
Religious affiliation and participation are prominent influences on attitudes toward the
family:
• Individuals who report being affiliated with any religious group are more likely to have
conservative attitudes.
• Conservative religious beliefs are often accompanied by more traditional gender and
family attitudes.
• Americans who more frequently attend religious services or who believe in the strict
interpretation of the Bible tend to support stricter divorce laws.
• There are differences both within religious groups and between them regarding
attitudes toward the family.
• Those who express holding no religious beliefs tend to be more liberal in their attitudes
on family issues.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Multiple Viewpoints of Families: Various
Perspectives
There are two extreme and opposing ideological positions on the well-being of families:
• Conservatives: tend to be more pessimistic about change in family life and the state of
today’s families
• Believe cultural values have shifted from individual self-sacrifice to personal selffulfillment
• See change as indicative of a decline in the strength of the family, especially regarding
child rearing
• Liberals: tend to be more optimistic about the status and future of family life
• Believe changing family patterns are the result of and adaptations to the wider social and
economic changes families are facing, as opposed to a shift in cultural values
• See changes in family patterns as only changes and not indicative of a decline in the
family
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Multiple Viewpoints of Families
• A Pew Research Center survey found that, among Americans, regarding recent trends in
family life:
• 31% of responders are accepters.
• 32% of responders are rejecters.
• 37% of responders are skeptics.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
The Major Themes of This Text
• Families are dynamic.
• The family is a dynamic social institution that has undergone considerable change
historically.
• Families are diverse.
• Not all families experience things the same way.
• Diversity includes social class, race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and chosen
lifestyle.
• Families have outside influences.
• Outside forces shape family experiences.
• Families and wider society are interdependent.
• While societal support is essential for family well-being, the society itself is likewise
dependent on strong and stable families.
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.