Research Paper

 Do a 15 page paper on an area relevant to the course (9 page body of the paper). Use 10 refereed journal articles from 2007 to present.  

I will attach the references for this assignment. It is in the form of an annotated bibliography

IT MUST BE WRITTEN IN APA FORMAT AND PLAGIARISM FREE

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

Annotated Bibliography

Kimberly H. Morgan

EDRC-538 Case Management & Recording

March 06, 2018

Dr. Sligh Conway

Annotated Bibliography

Case Management: Law enforcement dealing with PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Abstract

Law enforcement is crucial in a community setting regarding enhancement of security levels of people. Most of the law enforcers are well trained to endure some of the traumatizing scenes in their line of duty. For instance, police officers regularly handle rape, murder and assault cases (Perez et al.2010). At the initial stages, they may seem less affected by some of the traumatizing situations. However, with time it has been evidenced that most of them suffer from a post-traumatic stress disorder. This is because the body is pushed to the limit through which it can absorb some of the traumatizing situations. Some may try to hide these effects at their workplace. However, back in their families, the situation cannot be hidden. It has led to irresponsible behavior amongst law enforcement officers such as alcoholism and high rates of marriage breakups (Yuan et al.2011).

Article One

Austin-Ketch, T. L., Violanti, J., Fekedulegn, D., Andrew, M. E., Burchfield, C. M., & Hartley, T. A. (2012). Addictions and the criminal justice system, what occurs on the other side? Post-traumatic stress symptoms and cortisol measures in a police cohort. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 23(1), 22-29.

According to the authors (Austin-Ketch et al.2011), PSTD is a major concern issue for police officers in the modern world. It has serious health implications on the lives of police officers as well as their well-being and their associated performances. The three major concerns regarding PSTD include their causes, symptoms and ways through which they can be minimized and handled in relations to the performance levels of law enforcers in the society. Addressing this issue would provide a good way through which the quality of life of law enforcers would be improved regarding PSTD.

Article Two

Bowler, R. M., Han, H., Gocheva, V., Nakagawa, S., Alper, H., DiGrande, L., & Cone, J. E. (2010). The Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder amongst police responders to 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack. An American journal of industrial medicine, 53(12), 1186-1196.

According to (Bowler et al.2010), police officers undergo burnout phases for a period of approximately eight to ten years of services. This becomes a dangerous situation to the family members of a police officer. It is attributed to the fact that after several years of exposure to traumatic situations most of the police officers became numb and used to some of the scenes because they believe they have seen everything that one could imagine. In most cases, the moral of such individuals towards their daily work responsibilities goes down. They end up transferring their anger and stress levels to innocent citizens or family members.

Article Three

Carlan, P. E., & Nored, L. S. (2008). An Examination of Officer Stress: Should Police Departments Implement Mandatory Counseling? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 8-15.

The authors found out that the low enforcement departments can deal with PSTD by creating supporting climates in the workplace. Officers working in supporting counseling climates have recorded less stress, which also reduces their need for undergoing counseling. The authors also suggested that law enforcement departments could deal with PSTD by requiring the officer to undergo mandatory and periodic counseling. The sessions should also treat the sources of stress.

Article Four

Chapin, M., Brannen, S. J., Singer, M. I., & Walker, M. (2008). Training Police Leadership to Recognize and Address Operational Stress. Police Quarterly, 338-352.

Chaplin et al. (2008) training law enforcement leaders play a significant role in dealing with PSTD and other related issues. According to the authors, the training should equip the leaders with skills to recognize signs of workplace stress in their junior officers and the leader actions to undertake in dealing with the stress. The authors argue that this approach helps in eliminating the culture of being silent among officers and encourage them to seek help.

Article Five

Chopko, B. A. (2010). Posttraumatic distress and growth: An empirical study of police officers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 55-72.

According to the author (Chopko et al.2010), more than two-thirds of police officers in the US have quit their jobs after witnessing their partners being taken down by criminal gangs. This is attributed to the extreme levels of trauma inflicted when one loss a trusted partner in his o here line of duty. It is a good example of some of the extreme incidents that force law enforcers to give in to trauma and depression regarding PSTD. The rate of police suicide cases has also been on the increase in the last few years, which is caused by intense trauma and depression.

Article Six

Colwell, L. H., Lyons, P. M., Bruce, A. J., Garner, R. L., & Miller, R. S. (2011). Police Officers Cognitive Appraisals for Traumatic Events: Implications for Treatment and Training. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 106-132

Colwell et al. (2011) stated that law enforcement officers record different experiences with trauma as their trauma experiences differ regarding the type, frequency, and variety of events experienced. The journal also notes that one way of dealing with PSTD among the officers is to undertake cognitive appraisals. According to the authors, this method has the potential to improve the functioning of the officers and their wellbeing. Humanistic and cognitively-based therapeutic approaches can also help officers make positive meanings of traumatic events.

Article Seven

Cortez, M. (2014). Direct v. Indirect Exposure to Trauma: An Insight into Officer Coping Mechanisms. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 17-28.

The author states that one PSTD coping strategy that could be used by law enforcers is having employee assistance programs (EAP). The primary role of EAP is to help the employees with personal challenges that could affect their job performance. Most law enforcement has in the past avoided seeking mental health services as it was perceived to be a sign of weakness, and due to the perception that police officer is tough. Law enforcement departments should implement EAP programs to build the officer’s social capital, which reduces the effects of PSTD.

Article Eight

Hartley, T. A., Sarkisian, K., Violanti, J. M., Andrew, M. E., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2013). PTSD Symptoms Among Police Officers: Associations With Frequency, Recency, And Types Of Traumatic Events. Int J Emerg Ment Health, 241-253.

Hartley et al. (2013) state that police work involves exposure to traumatic and violent effects, which increases their risk of suffering from PSTD. The authors also recommend that law enforcement officers can diagnose PSTD by using the clinical diagnostic model. The authors also found out law enforcers should also be trained on how to deal with stressful events to reduce their risk of PSTD.

Article Nine

Haugen, P. T., Evces, M., & Weiss, D. S. (2012). Treating of posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 32(5), 370-380.

The authors (Haugenet al. 2012) believe that law enforcing officers are exposed to different types of pressures as well as trauma calling for adaption in attitude as well as toughness whenever handling cases in their line of duty. The good training and temperament allow them to resolve their cases effectively. In addition to the stress levels, they are exposed to in their line of duty the law enforcers have become a scapegoat for most of the criminal activities occurring in the society as well as public criticism. This increases the levels of depression as well as stress as they try to strike the correct balance between their family responsibilities and line of duty.

Article Ten

Javidi, H., & Yadollahie, M. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The international journal of occupational & environmental medicine, 3(1 January).

According to the authors of this article (Javidi & Yadollahie, 2011), some of the police officers have to work extra hours as an alternative way through which they can fully meet their family needs. This also adds stress to their lives. It is attributed to the fact that they are exposed to traumatic situations in their line of work yet the employee does not pay them enough to take care of their family needs. It leads to a situation where the victims are innocent public members. The officers tend to be more aggressive whenever dealing with the civilians in a society.

Article Eleven

Lee, J.-H., Kim, I., Won, J.-U., & Roh, J. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder and occupational characteristics of police officers in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 1-8.

The authors found out law enforcement departments should deal with PSTD by implementing PSTD-related interventions appropriate in managing the condition. The groups of law enforcers who face the highest risk should be prioritized during PSTD treatment. The implementation of PTSD-related interventions and management practices can help in coping with the condition by boosting the self-awareness of the officer’s vulnerability to the effects of trauma, which encourages them to seek treatment.

Article Twelve

MacEachern, A. D., Jindal-Snape, D., & Jackson, S. (2011). Child Abuse Investigation: Police Officers and Secondary Traumatic Stress. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 329-339.

The article states that since law enforcement is one of the high-risk disciplines, psychological debriefing can be used as an approach to prevent the development of PSTD. The implementation of this method can be done by defining critical incidents in the policy statements and standard operating procedures. Law enforcement leader should help the officers cope with PSTD by offering critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), as the authors state that it has proved effective in various police organizations.

Article Thirteen

Ménard, K. S., & Arter, M. L. (2013). Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: Associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(1), 37.

According to this article by (Ménard & Arter, 2013), the authors highlight the importance of law enforcers in our daily lives. Each time one gets to dial the emergency number, he or she expects an immediate response from the police officers. In most cases, no one minds about the security of the law enforcers as they come to the rescue of a caller. They are trained with special skills of effectiveness and endurance. However, this does not protect them from trauma. As time goes by the stress levels go beyond the manageable levels forces, the law enforcers to seek help on how the can improve the quality of their lives regarding PSTD.

Article Fourteen

Ménard, K. S., & Arter, M. L. (2014). Stress, coping, alcohol use, and posttraumatic stress disorder among an international sample of police officers: does gender matter? Police Quarterly, 17(4), 307-327.

The authors (Ménard & Arter, 2014) acknowledge that PST is a serious condition affecting police officers. This is because members of the society cannot recognize some of the symptoms. However, the unfortunate bit is that if one tries to hide the symptoms at the place of work, then they will be manifested at home. It is important to allow the police officers to seek appropriate assistance once one has detected symptoms of the PSTD. This will help in quick recovery and improvement of their quality of life regarding balancing between work and family responsibilities.

Article Fifteen

Pastwa-Wojciechowska, & Piotrowski, A. (2016). Sources, Consequences, and Methods of Coping with Stress in Police Officers. Journal of Alcoholism & Drug Dependence, 1-5.

The authors state that police officer can deal with PSTD by having to cope with stress as a critical competence. One primary way of dealing with PSTD is offering emotional support. The authors found out that officer who got emotional support from colleagues, friends and family members reduced their risk of PSTD. Dealing with PSTD from a professional and departmental approach prevents an officer from using ineffective coping methods like alcohol consumption.

Article Sixteen

Paton, D., Johnston, P., Clarke, J., Violanti, J. M., Burke, K. J., & Keenan, D. (2008). Stress Shield: A Model of Police Resiliency. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 95-108

Paton et al. (2008) propose the Stress Shield mode as one of the ways officers can use in dealing with PSTD. The model recommends the use of resilience that involves the interaction between individual, team, and organizational factors. This model helps in coping with PSTD by equipping the officers with the ability to render the future traumatic experience meaningful and manageable, which makes them quickly adapt to unpredictable circumstances.

Article Seventeen

Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. G. (2012). The effects of stress management interventions among police officers and recruits. Campbell Systematic Reviews.

The authors found out that law enforcement organization can help officers deal with PSTD by researching on their current stress management interventions and their effectiveness. In addition, stress management interventions should focus on both personal and organizational source of stress. The authors also suggest that mixed methods should be used in helping officers cope with stressful situations.

Article Eighteen

Perez, L. M., Jones, J., Englert, D. R., & Sachau, D. (2010). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 25(2), 113-124.

The authors (Perez et al.2010) believe that despite the passion and valor amongst the law enforcers to diligently serve the people no matter how tough the conditions may be, some special cases need intervention. This is because different police officers have their breaking points, which differ. A good example is a police officer who witnessed the killing of a partner by the bullet. It is an incident that would forever torture an individual as he or she feels there should have been something one could have done to save the life. This type of situations promotes the development of stress amongst law enforcers.

Article Nineteen

Skogstad, M., Skorstad, M., Lie, A., Conradi, H. S., Heir, T., & Weisæth, L. (2013). Work-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Occupational medicine, 63(3), 175-182.

According to the authors of this article (Skogstad et al.2013), law enforcement in a country is one of the most dangerous jobs. It affects the workers both emotionally and physically. Most of the crimes the police officers encounter in their daily operations include murder rape and robbery cases. The long periods, through which some of the police officers are exposed to makes, they suffer emotionally and physically about their family responsibilities. It is one of the problems that make it difficult for some of the law enforcing officers to be in a position to establish a good balance between their work and family responsibilities. Some of the effects of law enforcement in their lives include increased alcoholism, marriage divorce as well as domestic violence promoted in the society. Developments of health complications such as heart attacks and cancer are caused by this type of life which law enforcers have to face in their line of duty (Skogstad et al.2013). Most people believe that police officers can witness trauma and violence without being emotionally and physically tortured. However, according to research, this has been proven a myth. It is attributed to the fact that police officers are also human with feelings that have to be protected. Whenever the levels of stressing conditions exceed an individual’s capability to contain one, then he or she becomes depressed thereby affecting family life quality. Most of the law enforcer’s workers suffer from PSTD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) due to the nature of their work.

Article Twenty

Yuan, C., Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., … & Marmar, C. R. (2011). Protective factors influencing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the prospective study of police officers. Psychiatry research, 188(1), 45-50.

According to the authors (Yuan et al.2011), it is true that on a daily basis police officers are exposed to the highest level of stress and trauma as compared to any other worker in the society. This is because in most cases they are called upon to handle crime-related issues where one may have been raped killed, brutally attacked or robbed. Such exposure requires one to be tough to contain the stress levels that come to a long one’s line of duty. People are created differently in some cases we have a special group of police officers who survive on stress levels. However, the majority are greatly affected by minimum amounts of stress levels, which has devastating effects on their family responsibilities. In some cases, many people will want to apply for this type of jobs to so that they can be in a position to handle the stress and also earn good rewards that come along taking such responsibility in the society. Despite the benefits, high stresses jobs come along with they can as well as ruin an individual’s family life.