The Psychologic-Based Interior Design Of Housing

1, I made some changes of this paper so please use this draft to continue the work if

possible.

2, Please can you add some data or professional charts or something else to present

professional psychology?

3，Here is an assessment criteria

1, Demonstrate critical understanding of historical and contemporary debates within interior and spatial design based on a coherent and detailed analysis of key aspects of practice and theory (Knowledge).

2, Carry out sustained, systematic critical/practical research, using relevant resources and appropriate methods of analysis, enquiry and experimentation, and demonstrating the distinction between your ideas and those of others (Enquiry).

3, Apply appropriate processes, skills and methods to referencing (Process).

4, Use effective communication and presentation skills appropriate to theoretical and practical outcomes in order to articulate complex ideas and arguments convincingly and clearly (Communication, Realisation).

I think we are missing: sustained, systematic critical/practical research and appropriate methods of analysis, enquiry and experimentation, and demonstrating the distinction between your ideas and those of others

4, you can improve what I marked, with your psychology knowledge. If it is hard for you to

write about art, then you left it for me, but please finish this paper before 21th ,06:59am in the

morning (American time) , so that I can have time to review and finish.

批注 [MOU1]: All the comments are my personal

opinions based on the Dissertation Handbook(which

I sent you in the beginning) and my tutors’

suggestions. You also can read the handbook and

have your own thoughts;(Some of the text I wrote

in the beginning are also wrong) I’ve sited and

highlighted the Dissertation handbook texts in

red, which must be revised. I hope these can help

you, so that we can write a good paper.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 2

The Psychology-Driven Housing Interior Design

Unit 10 History and theory 3 (Consolidation)

word count：7500

20/01/2020

批注 [MOU2]: The title may require a bit of

deliberation, as it is mostly about how

psychology and architectural design interact.

identified and discussed key issues that relate to the

discipline (interior and spatial design)

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 3

PROBLEM： How to tap on psychological knowledge for effective and better housing

design

KEYWORDS

Psychology, architecture, interior design, wellbeing, housing

ABSTRACT

Contemporaneously, research suggests that people spend more than 70% of their lives

indoors. Thus, to ensure that people are more comfortable while indoors, modern architectural

sector primarily focuses on producing designers with the background and capability to

develop a comprehensive psychological intervention vision that accounts for all the design

parameters and identifying and accounting for all the considerations that are to be made

during the housing design. A critical architectural role is providing built environments

capable of sustaining its entire occupant’s psychological needs and well-being, a role that has

become critical in the modern era. Thus, this paper will offer an in-depth discussion on the

core psychological elements of interior housing design that interior designers can bring to

residents, and how these elements can be harnessed in the design of better, more comfortable

and enjoyable houses.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER

1. INTERODUCTION

1.1 Defining Interior Design 1.2 Definition of a ‘home’

1.3 Architectural Psychology and Interior Design

2. ARCHITECTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

2.1 History of Architectural Psychology

2.2 Architectural Examples of Applying Psychology

2.3 Housing Architecture

2.4 How to apply psychology to architectural design conception.

3. HUMANIZATION AND PSYCHOLOGY

3.1 What is Psychology

3.2 The Relationship Between Design and Psychology

3.3 How Psychology Reflected in Design

4. INTERIOR SPACE AND PSYCHOLOGY

4.1 The Effect of Indoor Light on People’s Mood

4.2 How does indoor air affect people

4.3 The effect of home colors on people’s mood

4.4 How to harness psychology to improve residents’ wellbeing

5. EXPERIMENT AND TEST

5.1 design of experiment

5.2 method and process

5.3 result

6. CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

IMAGE SOURCES

批注 [MOU3]: applied the appropriate historical and

critical perspective to the subject matter is required for this

unit.

批注 [MOU4]: Please can you change a few titles

to make the article more coherent.

批注 [MOU5]: •A Primary Sources must must be

included, It can be an experiment or questionnaire (like

“A record of the effects of interior design on the

psychology of subjects”) with your result. (It doesn’t

has to be a real result, can be fake)

批注 [MOU6]: APPENDICES is required

批注 [MOU7]: IMAGE SOURCES is required

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 5

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

1. Defining Interior Design

Although the term ‘interior design’ is very common, a more definitive definition for the

concept is yet to be created. Thus, in this paper, the working definition for the term is that it is

the art and science involved in enhancing a building’s and structures’ interior spaces. The

main of interior design of housing is providing a healthier and aesthetically pleasing

environment for its actual, expected, probable or imagined users. Additionally, as a discipline,

interior design entails studying the art and science of interior design. Accordingly, interior

designers are people who plan, research, manage and coordinates interior design projects

aimed at enhancing the buildings’ and structures’ interior spaces.

Contemporaneously, an interior spaces’ foundation has become a fundamental concept for

exploration and understanding as this knowledge is critical to helping and better equipping

users to harness the spaces that are available for them. Usually, even though interior designers

may have the will and resources to change these available interior spaces, effectively

achieving such a resolve and desire is often hard. A primary reason for this challenge in

interior design is that designers are often limited to working within the applicable rooms’ or

spaces’ physical confines and boundaries. To fill in this void, modern designers are

increasingly relying on light, color and patterns. First, natural or artificial light is increasingly

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 6

becoming one of the most critical aspects of any spatial designs since other elements would

not be able satisfactorily achieve their full architectural design function without light. Mood

lighting, accent lighting and task lighting are the major categories of lighting used in the

architectural field. Interior designers use mood lighting to add ambience, accent lighting to

emphasize objects and task lighting to define purpose.

Secondly, color is increasingly become an extreme element available for interior designers

to master and harness for their trade. When properly leveraged, color can help designers to

define unity, create mood and alter how users of a space or room perceive its size.

Additionally, when combined with light and color, patterns provide benefits offered by

texture in that it can significantly add a visual appeal to any space where it is used.

Essentially, modern designers create patterns in rooms by using repetitive designs, and can be

found on many of the accessories that are used in modern houses, including fabrics, rugs, soft

furnishings, and wallpaper. Furthermore, there are different types of patterns, including in

terms of their stripes, prints, motifs, and prints (organic, pictorial and geometric).

2. Definition of a ‘home’

The term used to describe a pattern of activity and peoples’ role in such activities and in a

particular environment is domesticity. Additionally, the term also describes a home or family

life, especially when pertaining to the quality or state if being domestic or domesticated.

Whereas any form of domestic inhabitation and physical access are critical approaches used

by people to connect to their homes, it is also apparent that psychological ideas and

connections are equally profound.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 7

According to Clare Cooper, a psychologist and architect drawing from psychoanalyst Carl

Jung’s work, a home is a shared archetypal experience that enables people to express their

experiences, perspectives, ideas and emotions through symbolic languages. His definition is

strongly based on Carl Jung’s ideas that home encompasses an amalgamation of a strong

tower and sheltering cavern. For instance, Clare Cooper relies on Carl Jung’s symbolic

interpretation of homes to explore people’s desires in their homes and the impact of these

desires on the people’s psychic elements.

Additionally, Clare Cooper argues that 85% of Americans value single-family residences as

the ideal residence type because she is definitively convinced that such a residence type meets

the idea of an ideal home as based on an expression of the “separate, unique, private, and

protected” family unit. Furthermore, she observes that the people’s psychic desires are

normally evident at the social level; both in suburban housing’s cultural patterns and in the

way people describe the concept of a home. Unfortunately, she significantly questions the

sustainability of these attitude-based approaches demonstrated by people (Section 5:

Meanings of Home – The People, Place, and Space Reader, 2014)

Essentially, our existence is significantly influenced by our experiences of the places where

we live in during our life in various levels. Of course, our home is one of the places that

significantly impact our existence. Based on Hayward’s clarification, the concept of home

suggests the connotation of behavior, customization, continuity, privacy, personal identity,

social network, and above all, family. On his part, Smith argues that the concept of home is

also a multi-faceted concept that concurrently connotes to people the feeling of physical

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 8

environment, a place in which they can depend on and use to satisfy their personal needs, and

as a social domain. Accordingly, there are five primary attributes that can be used to

differentiate the concept of home and the more neutral concept of house. First, a home is a

crucial presentation point of the social life and its residents’ relationships. Secondly, a home

represents its inhabitant’s primary territory. Thus, as a private territory for the inhabitant, the

latter is entitled to an unequivocal and exclusive control over their homes.

Third, homes offer their owners a psycho-emotional sense and feeling of continuity. The

sense of continuity is related to the sensation of belonging, stability and safety – making it to

be the most important attribute of home amongst children and the young people. Fourth,

peculiarity is one of the most essential attributes about homes. Cognizant of this fact, Altman

posits that home helps people define their Self as it is one of the most critical promoters of

social interactions’ mastery within the precise physical spaces. Again, according to Sermon, a

home guarantees people a space to rest and recharge their psycho-physical energies. Finally, a

home is a place where people can express themselves without too much worrying.

According to Csikszentmihalyi and Rothberg-Halton, homes are part and parcel of the

identity of its owner. This is because people try to express themselves via the environment’s

and related object’s personalization in their homes; and thus, displaying a form of self-

presentation and self-representation. In retrospect, all the five main qualities – even though

they are largely based on assumptions – make homes a friendly and comfortable place, and

ensure that its inhabitants experience and feel satisfaction and comfort. However, given these

assumptions, there are several interesting questions that a person would want to ask and

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 9

explore about what they consider suitable attributes of home. One of these essential questions

revolves around the reasons why we prefer our homes to others’.

Specifically, have been various researches within the environmental psychology on the

relationship between human behavior and existence and the human environment, including

the related physical setting and surrounding from as early as the 1970s. Many researchers in

the fields of environmental psychology and architecture and design have been exploring some

of the impacts of specific environmental factors e.g. landscapes, natural environments, and

cities and neighborhoods on socio-psycho-emotional constructs like sense of safety and stress,

amongst others. Unfortunately, even though these previous researchers also attempted to

consider housing places, they are often limited more general dwelling places and specific

residential zones, i.e., their scope or subjects do not exactly cover the concept of homes. It is

only until recently when researchers from the field of psychology engaged were engaged in a

strong partnership with those from the field of architecture and design to explore the

relationship.

Fortunately, the result of this strong partnership is a deeper analysis of how individuals

experiences (at both the emotional and cognitive levels), their presence and interaction with

the physical environment (e.g. waiting rooms, hospital rooms, shops, etc.), and the

environment concept can be made to exceed their boundaries using online backgrounds and

virtual places. However, according to Colombo, Laddaga and Antonietti (2015), an organized

and detailed research exploring the emotional and cognitive effects of the representation and

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 10

presentation of the meaning of a ‘‘home’’, rather than a ‘‘house’’, from the perspective of

both the design- and psychology-related approaches, is yet to be conducted.

3. Architectural Psychology and Interior Design

2.ARCHITECTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

2.1 History of Architectural Psychology

In essence, architecture encompasses a type of human expression that portrays the

individual designers’ or collective designers’ psyche. Carl Jung, the father of psychoanalysis

(analytical psychology), defines a building architecture as the human psyche’s structural

diagram that both conceives and creates. In the 2016 publication Architectural Psychology

posits that, indeed, the fields of art and architecture provide a vehicle and platform through

which human beings can use to convey their deepest unconscious thoughts.

Just a few decades ago, most architects and their allied construction companies saw it

necessary to consult psychologists in their designing process to ensure the optimal design that

respects human’s psychological conceptions of the build structures and environments.

Unfortunately, most of the designers and construction companies later lost interest in or

became tired with having to apply psychology in engineering globally. Thus, it has become

extremely rare finding psychologists working together with architects and designers in the

design and engineering process. Furthermore, architects and designers also seldom engage in

the end-user psyche. Even though the architects and designers often do consider several

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 11

human and humanistic elements during the design process of the build environment, these

building designs rarely directly engage psychological knowledge and conceptions.

The implication is that people do not always live or reside within these particular

environments – be it at home, shopping centers, public spaces, etc. – happily, voluntarily and/

or comfortably. Unfortunately, it is often an extremely difficult and complex process to

determine the whether an environment is or would be preferable, soothing and/ or pleasant to

the [prospective] users. Consequently, psychology and psychologists can significantly help

designers and constructors to accomplish this knowledge-gap.

Culture, architecture, art and psychology are directly related to each other. In essence,

when artistic elements like size, space, color, light and patterns are appropriately used, they

can significantly help to enlighten the atmosphere within a space. For instance, users and

inhabitants of a house usually report finding that rooms whose walls are tiled or colored in

white [tiles] usually make them feel light, and make the spaces brighter and more pleasurable

to be inside them. Based on this background information, it would be necessary to define

what architectural psychology is or entails.

As a discipline or field of study, architectural psychology is the branch of ecological or

environmental psychology that studies how humans interact with their environment, and the

relationship between the two, including in terms of living requirement, living satisfaction,

orientation behavior and spatial perception. The term architecture describes a sense of space

and support to all human activities’ forms if and when used appropriately. It also provides

delight, service and firmness. Additionally, the architectural psychology field is a very

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 12

important multidisciplinary field that bridges the traditional fields of domestic planning,

architecture, engineering and psychology, amongst others to help people design better living

spaces and buildings and comfortable build environments to ensure a better and more

enjoyable occupation. By exploring and understanding more about how people conceive of

and experience the built environment forms, one can be able to take up a more occupant-

centered perspective towards their designing and engineering processes, and ultimately, lead

to more innovative architectural designs.

According to a 2011 research article by Mastandrea and colleagues published by the

American psychiatrists’ association journal APA SpyNet, the environment, which is a product

of human beings’ activity and interaction, has a significant reciprocal impact on human

being’s life, living and activity. In the article ‘‘Architectural Lessons from Environmental

Psychology: The Case of Biophilic Architecture’’, Joyce (2007) reviewed findings research

survey drawn from the environmental psychology field to determine the relationship between

the environment and human beings, and the impact of the former on human’s functioning and

psycho-emotional wellbeing. The result suggests that human being have an aesthetic

attraction to the natural contents and to specific landscape configurations. Additionally, the

environmental features were also determined as having profound impact on human

functioning and can reduce stress and other adverse psycho-emotional health conditions.

However, contact opportunities with the reviewed environmental components are

significantly minimized in the contemporary urban life and living. Thus, the research by

Joyce posits that the evolution can have subtle but nontrivial adverse impact on human

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 13

beings’ psycho-physiological well-being. The researcher recommends the need to integrate

the critical components of both the built environment’s natural contents and structural

landscape features as an effective approach to counter this challenge. The researcher proceeds

to discuss several practical solutions for the problem, including the use of fractal geometry of

nature to the literal imitation of natural contents and objects like plants in an architectural

context. If successfully, the result of such innovative amalgamations would be very

interesting and fulfilling from an architectural, interior design, environmental, and aesthetic

viewpoint.

2.2 Architectural Examples of Applying Psychology

2.2.1 Just Looking at Buildings Can Give People Headaches

From just looking at the above image, it is evident that the human brain finds it more

difficult and sophisticated processing buildings’ images compared to its processing of

natural scenes and landscapes. Additionally, in his article ‘Just Looking at Buildings Can

Give People Headaches—Here’s How to Minimize the Problem’ and published by

ArchDaily, Rory Scott argues that the extra workload entailed in looking at processing of

images of buildings can result in physical pain, headaches, discomfort and migraines. The

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 14

cause of the headaches and accompanying problems are often thought to be the direct result

of the effect of the monotonous stripes patterns that are found in images of buildings and

building plans.

According to Wilkins, the causes can be the stripes on interior finishes like escalator

stair treads, carpets and doormats. It is therefore very unfortunate that such types of stripe

patterns are increasingly becoming prevalent in modern architectural designs. Additionally,

repetitive stripe patterns are also increasingly becoming more perverse in the very

buildings’ architectural structures as their designs continuously become larger and more

structural efficiency- and cost-driven. Furthermore, Scott (2018) asserts that the instinct of

the architect and the interior designer can also sometimes worsen the problem, especially

due to their attempt to artistically express the structure.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 15

2.2.2 Hospital and Healthcare Architecture

Figure 1New designs of hospitals emerge with the concept of healing architecture.

The medical practitioner and researcher of Kopvol, Dr. Tanja Vollmer, explored a group

of sick people’s reaction to buildings and built spaces in German hospitals. After analyzing the

data, she discovered that the current buildings and build spaces lacks any significant impact on

the patient’s healing process of the patients in a majority of the German hospitals. She

determined that when patients were left to wait for services in the sterile corridors without any

privacy accorded to them, their attention levels and feelings of stress got significantly lowered

and enhanced, respectively. The implication for the former outcome is the existence of a

significantly higher chance of patients missing crucial health-related information from the care

providers. The prevailing design lack spaces of privacy, security and retreat. Additionally, the

researcher also noted that the neon lighting and widespread noise within the facilities

significantly disrupt the day-night rhythm, and also hinders the patients’ recovery.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 16

Accordingly, as a remedy to the problems related to current (traditional) hospital designs,

Vollmer designed and popularized the “healing architecture”. The architectural design works

by prioritizing the patient’s healing, privacy, security, retreat and other related needs and views

the clinic construction’s usefulness as being insubordinate to the latter. However, the

architectural conception of Tanja Vollmer’s healing architecture is still new to most architects.

Thanks to her scientific research, Tanja Vollmer managed to design and popularize useful

hospital architecture from the patients’ perspective. Many hospitals and healthcare units,

especially in Germany, are fast adopting the healing architecture in their buildings and built

spaces.

For instance, the Berlin Charité implemented the healing architecture in its intensive care

unit (ICU) successfully. Within the facility, architects have recreated two rooms to suit the

patients’ needs. Designed and recreated to match the healing architecture recommendations,

the rooms feature lots of lighting, wooden materials and warm colors, and to keep patients less

anxious, all the medical devices and equipment have been safely hidden from the patients’

Figure 2.Entrance hall of the psychiatric clinic. Figure 3. Wooden floors and broad hallways avoid

the feeling for patients of being locked in.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 17

sight. The noises produced by the medical machines are rechanneled into the surveillance

rooms during nighttime, thus ensuring a quiet and undisturbed sleep for the patients.

In yet another study, Tanja Vollmer designed and popularized four practical

recommendations to help accelerate the cancer patients’ healing process. First, she

recommends the need to mimic or imitate nature in designing and building buildings and built

environments in hospitals. She argues that such a design has a significant healing impact on

patients as they enable the sick to regain their strength and control over their ailments, and also

minimize stress, anxiety and depression related to such sicknesses. Secondly, Vollmer

recommends for hospitals to separate the speaking and examination rooms to enable patients to

create intimacy. Third, she suggests that meeting corners be designed to allow the possibility

of a three-way conversion between patients, doctors (or healthcare providers) and their relative

on the same level.

Additionally, she asserts that such a design should neither have blinding light conditions

nor protective desk walls. The University Hospital Tübingen, a psychiatric clinic, also recently

applied the healing architecture theory for its new building. First, architects used wood for the

flooring of all the available floor spaces. Secondly, they designed all the build spaces in such a

manner that they allow the penetration of daylight into the rooms, and that they are also wide

and spacious in size. Consequently, this spatial allocation of the spaces has significantly helped

the hospital solve the “locked-in feeling” that patients experience sometimes. To date, the

healing architecture has been successful in meeting all the hospitals expectations of its design

and construction objectives. Additionally, a research survey aimed at comparing the healing

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 18

process rate between the old and new building demonstrates a substantive decline in the

coercive measures against such conditions as body fixation and the administration of

compulsory medication to patients in crisis situation by about 80%.

2.2.3 Rush University Medical Center

Figure 5 Cylindrical light wells with trees in the middle bring a lot of sunlight and nature into

the entrance hall.

Another hospital that has used the healing architecture approach is the Chicago-based

Rush University Medical Center. Perkins Will, an architecture company, designed the facility.

First, the firm designed the façade in such a manner that cylindrical light wells allow plenty of

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 19

sunlight to penetrate the building. Secondly, the designers also include green indoor planting

zones and a rooftop garden as recreational oases or spaces. To achieve the most optimal

people-driven design and best adapt the building to user needs, the architects incorporated

recommendations based on research findings on how patients and clinicians use the building to

the building and its built spaces.

2.2.4 Workplace Architecture: Zaha Hadid’s design of Galaxy SOHO Beijing

The workplace analysis field has been subjected to vast number of researches recently.

Neil Usher is a workplace expert and consultant who spent most of his professional years

designing better means to improve the workplace. In one of his longest endeavors, he spent

several years exploring the factors that can be used to increase wellbeing, productivity and

effectiveness in the workplace. He finally identified 12 factors. First, he recommends every

workplace to have access to as much natural or daylight as practicable while also offering the

Figure 6 Daylight study of Zaha Hadid’s design of Galaxy SOHO Beijing.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 20

users the choice for shutting the light away when such a requirement arises. According to

Chellappa et al, bright office lighting significantly enhances adult workers’ performance in the

workplace. In one of their extensive researches in the area, scientists from the Lighting

Research Center have determined that architectural designs that allow daylight’s penetration or

access into the building and built spaces can significantly enhance the comfort and productivity

level of their occupants and cause the visual and mental stimulation that is required to

regulation the natural biorhythm amongst human beings.

Secondly, Neil Usher asserts that offices and general workplaces need to offer enough

space, i.e. the office-space per person ration should be a minimum of 6 square meters/per user.

Thus, it is only sensible that good working environments account for and fulfill each user’s

socio-physiological needs, and therefore, offer a well-positioned and welcoming space for

refreshment.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 21

4.2.5 Housing Architecture

In an extensive study to explore the impact of accommodation spaces’ quality on human

beings, Danny Friedman determined that temporary, overcrowded “poor quality,

overcrowded, and temporary accommodation have an impact on health, well-being, and the

likelihood of criminality and educational attainment”. In yet another research on the same

area, Joan Meyers-Levy, a highly reputable scientist, determined that there is a very high

correlation between ceiling heights within buildings and built spaces and the occupants’

thinking styles. On the one hand, the researcher determined that high-ceiling rooms with airy

spaces, the occupants tend to have a feeling of more freedom, and thus, their thinking style

gravitates more towards the abstract type.

Figure 7 Pruitt-Igor was torn down only 18 years after its construction.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 22

On the other hand, she determined that in low-ceiling rooms with stuffed spaces, the

occupants tend to have a feeling of less freedom, and thus, tend to be better at tasks that

demand great focus or attentiveness to the problem’s or object’s details. In other words, the

latter environments support more analytical thinking. The implication of the study is that

individuals and organizations needs to use more expansive spaces with expansive rooms

when they want to support or facilitate creative thinking and solutions amongst users.

The finding from another study by Dr. Dak Kopec also corroborates Joan Meyers-Levy’s

research findings and related recommendations. Dr. Kopec, the Boston Architectural

College’s director of design of human health, determined in his study that there is a strong

linkage between “micro-apartments” and problems like drug abuse, domestic violence and

psychological problems. According to the research, these problems are particularly prevalent

amongst those aged between 30 years and 40 years primarily because the individuals in this

age group often face several stress factors or crisis, such as those related to adverse familial

problems and demanding job conditions. Therefore, in the research, the researcher determined

that living arrangements with minimal spaces can apparently lead to and/ or enhance alcohol

use, e.g., as was shown amongst college students. Additionally, the findings from this study

also strongly suggest that children growing and living in “micro-apartments” have or are

likely to develop concentration trouble.

There have also been various examples of failed or failing architectural designs. The St.

Louis-based Pruitt-Igoe public housing is amongst these failed projects. When it was built in

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 23

1954, various architectural experts praised and relied on the model of the Pruitt-Igoe public

building due to what they argued that it wasted zero space for semi-private areas.

Unfortunately, due to its very attribute that it had been praised for, the building would soon

attract a lot of cases of vandalism and substantial crime, leading its whole demolition 18 years

later following its construction.

Apparently, as researchers determined, the complex allowed no interaction amongst

residents or users at all. In a research carried by Leon Festinger years later after the complex’s

demolition, and referenced in Soler et al (2018), houses that are designed to allow spaces for

semi-private areas, and thus, encourage casual encounters and interactions amongst neighbors

or inhabitants in a building or build space. These casual encounters promote positive

interaction amongst inhabitants, and therefore, can significantly reduce crime while

enhancing pro-social behavior amongst users.

2.3 The relationship between Architecture and Interior Design

The realization that the roles, service expectations and methodologies of both architecture

and interior design are increasingly and continually undergoing tremendous evolution within

an already shifting socio-economic and political culture is a critical need in both these study

and practice areas. Consequently, it is safer to state that a professional stature develops within

an increasingly dynamic state of examination and critical re-examination associated with the

contemporary social value system, economic system and professional culture. The highly

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 24

specialized and targeted professionalism status is further reinforced by an intellectual rigor

and enduring theoretical and process evaluations.

Another critical fundamental requirement of ongoing assessment in facilitating

interrelated participants in a setting that are conducive to learning, clarifying and sharing

contemporary issues impacting all the design-related professionals and professions dedicated

to the spaces existing within and around the building and build’ environment’s shell and the

specific architectural condition. Traditionally, the architectural and interior design disciplines

perceive themselves as being both singular and distinctive.

The primary reason for this view is that, on the one hand, the fields perceive themselves

as offering specialized service roles while on the other hand, they have both been boundary-

tied by professional legislations. The ambiguous distinctiveness in the relationship between

architectural and interior design disciplines has further been reinforced by the existence of a

protective “turf mentality” that the professional and licensure organizations in the respective

fields have often aggressively advanced and guarded. Hildebrandt (2005) further attempt to

highlight and alleviate the problem related to how it is hard to define the boundary between

the two services. He states that although the public already have clear a boundary-line

between the two services, i.e. that interior design is mostly about the inside of buildings and

built spaces whereas architecture is concerned with the outside of buildings and built spaces,

the complexity of an in-between ‘‘interior architecture’’ significantly obscures this oft-

simplistic view.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 25

Rather, he argues that shat should be clear, especially to relatively small number of

journalists,, academics and professionals, is the existence of new sets of circumstances and

conditions under which the contemporary society operates, and which requires a shift in

thinking; that is, there is a need to take new approaches for which creative solutions for new

problems may be created.

5.1.1 Healthcare

In a his 2006 social research report published by the Scottish Executive Social Research

and titled ‘A Literature Review Of The Social, Economic And Environmental Impact Of

Architecture And Design’, Morris Hargreaves aimed to gather sufficient national and

international evidence of the socio-economic and environmental effect of architecture and

design, both negative and positive, to inform new design with a view to improving life

quality. The literature review was commissioned by the Scottish Executive in light of the

Policy on Architecture for Scotland’s development and to offer better access to information

regarding the architecture and design’s impact in many of the life’s spheres. The research data

was drawn from a total of 158 organizations who supplied 195 documents from all over the

United Kingdom, mainland Europe (especially Scandinavia), and as far as New Zealand and

Canada.

While collecting data, the researchers’ main intention was to gather scientific evidence,

including on the impact and of the building and design factors giving rise to those impacts.

The researcher solely focused the review on the buildings’ and built spaces’ end-users, and

the review process was conducted between 1995 and 2005. Additionally, to enable the

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 26

amalgamation of qualitative and case study evidence’ narrative review with quantitative

evidence, the researchers adopted the ‘best-evidence synthesis’ approach developed by Slavin

(1986). The researcher states that although there are much case-study evidences, limited

robust quantitative research has been conducted using the end-users.

There are several evidences demonstrating architectural design’s contribution on end-

users’ stress and satisfaction levels that have emerged from the review. These examples are

especially in UK hospitals, notably, Poole hospital and Mill View mental health unit in

Brighton. At Poole hospital, there is evidence suggesting that at least 72% of the patients

housed within the new unit have the highest rating that they could for overall appearance,

compared with only 37% of the patients housed within the old units. The evidence ay Pool

hospital has further been corroborated with those sourced at the new Mill View hospital

mental health unit wherein the staff judged patients as significantly less aggressive

concerning their propensity to physical violence and verbal abuse. Additionally, regarding the

duration that patients needed to spend in the ICU, the findings suggests that it was reduced

from 13.1 days to 3.9 days, translating to about 70% reduction.

Essentially, the architectural design’s ability to contribute towards the staffs’ and

patients’ health and well-being is well-documented in the US, especially in the research

conducted in the area by Ulrich (1984). To accomplish his research goals, Ulrich (1984)

managed to successfully link the benefits of having windows in hospital buildings and built

areas within view with relatively greater work satisfaction levels amongst nurses and

similarly shorter postoperative hospital stays amongst patients who undergo surgical

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 27

operations. Furthermore, he also managed to demonstrate that viewing nature could result in

substantial restoration and positive changes within minimal time duration of at most five

minutes in brain electrical activity, muscle tension, heart activity and blood pressure.

Similarly, 2003 CABE research in the UK substantially corroborates the study by Ulrich

(1984). The findings from the CABE study suggest how patients’ health and well-being can

be substantially impacted by landscaped [hospital] buildings and built spaces.

5.1.2 Residential properties

‘‘The Value of Urban Design’’ is a literature review study that was commission by CABE

and DETR to determine whether occupants perceived architectural designs of residential

properties as having impacts of their new areas’ identity. The findings from all the reviewed

case studies suggested that the occupants felt that the developments contributed to some extent

towards a new identity for their areas. For instance, while the Barbirolli Square in Manchester,

UK, provided new cultural facilities; the Exchange Quay in Salford, UK, offered its landmark

via color and height to the new areas identity.

Unfortunately, the reviewed case studies also show that the residents do not always

positively view these impacts. For instance, one occupant characterized the Exchange Quay’s

regeneration impact was ‘soulless out of town estate’; residents blamed Waterfront in Dudley,

UK, for ruining Brierley Hill town; and, while other occupants yet saw the Standard Court in

Nottingham, UK, as not valuing its site’s historical associations. Additionally, there are yet

other cases that associate a place’s regeneration with the local resident communities’

displacement and increased residential prices.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 28

One point of concurrence, however, is that at the core of people’s perception of a good

residential place includes access to good facilities, low crime rates, and high safety and security

levels. For instance, places with more walkers and cyclists and slower car speeds are often

viewed as being safer for children’s outdoor play and school-walking. Similarly, residents often

view residential areas with houses overlooking each other or streets as safer. Furthermore,

official crime statistics and researches findings suggest that such residential areas are safer and

have comparatively minimal burglary rates.

5.1.3 Public space

The retail parks and hypermarkets’ emergence and concurrent high street economy

decline have resulted in the progressive but dramatic decline in the number of people walking

to public spaces and social amenities. For instance, research statistics suggests that the

distance walked per year per individual has drastically reduced from 410 km/year in 1975/76

to 298 km/year in 1998/2000. Thus, the dwindling local economies can be deemed to be the

indirect cost on the health of people. Yet in a another research commissioned by Detroit,

Schulz (2002) shows how poorer areas have comparatively more liquor stores but lesser

access to commercial and recreational facilities and fewer supermarkets.

Unfortunately, these widespread physical conditions in within these poorer

neighborhoods often work against healthy behaviors or habits like eating fresh, nutritious and

dietary-balanced foods and engaging in regular exercises. Additionally, in the paper titled

‘‘Green Spaces, Better Places’’ (cited in McIntyre, 2006), The Urban Green Space Taskforce

reported that a significantly greater portion of investments in parks has been worthwhile,

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 29

primarily because it adds value to renewal and regeneration, while also tremendously

contributing to cost savings in other areas like environmental management, education and

health.

3 HUMANIZATION AND PSYCHOLOGY

3.1 What is Psychology

The American Psychology Association (APA) defines psychology as the scientific study

of the human mind and behavior. However, the definition cannot be taken as definitive as it is

too simplistic to the extent that it substantially ignores the psychology field as a

multidimensional discipline, including several study subfields like social behavior, clinical

study, health, sports, human development and cognitive studies, just to name but a few.

Additionally, the field has undergone dramatic transformation and evolution over the years.

In the early 20TH Century, the psychological branch developed and popularized by

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the most dominant branch. As described in the 2019

publication titled ‘‘What is Psychology’’ by Simply Psychology, Sigmund Freud popularized

the notion that people could get healed from their diseases by making their unconscious

motivations and thoughts conscious, a practice that would enable them gain insight. Since the

time of Sigmund Freud, the psychological field has been subjected to deeper scrutiny, and

thus, tremendous evolution and expansion.

3.2 The Relationship Between Design and Psychology

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 30

Generally, the field of design psychological is a relatively new cross-subject in the field

of design and psychology. According to Sun, Wand & Sun (2013), design psychology forms

the design concept’s basis and skills, i.e. it is an auxiliary subject area that facilitated the

creation of the design concept; and thus, stipulating the presence of close relationship

between the two. Thanks to design psychology, the contemporary user-centered architectural

designs have significantly pushed designers into reconsidering their approach towards their

work by going deeper into the target audience’s understanding. In his book titled “The Design

of Everyday Things”, Donald A Norman describes a design as an act of communication.

Therefore, the designer needs to have a deeper understanding of the target audiences’

needs and insights. In order to achieve such a critical need, designers ought to consider

practicing the psychological principles related to human motivations, aspirations and behavior.

Additionally, for a more effective and positive outcome, designers might also consider

applying psychology in the creative process as the science would offer them the close

understanding of the target audience. Accordingly, in the 2017 article titled ‘‘Psychology in

Design. Principles Helping to Understand Users’’ commissioned and published by UX Planet,

Tubik Studio writes that psychological knowledge is necessary during the design process as it

helps architectural designers to create designs that can make users perform the actions

expected of them, including contacting teams or making purchases.

4. INTERIOR SPACE AND PSYCHOLOGY

4.1 The Effect of Indoor Light on People’s Mood

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 31

The topic on light’s effect on the human beings’ cognitive functions is a well-researched

and documented area. For instances, practical researches have often determined that brightly-

illuminated spaces can substantially enhance the level of cognitive performance in healthy

adults, school children and patients who are experiencing having dementia which is at its early

stages. Additionally, other studies suggest that effective environmental lighting conditions

have a substantial impact on humans being’s psycho-behavioral processes, including their

cognition, mood and circadian rhythms. Similarly, building designs that allow the penetration

of a lot of sunlight into the building and built spaces have also been determined to be able to

reduce energy demands, and as being supportive of human health and activities and cognitive

performance.

Furthermore, current research findings also suggests that clean, easy-to-orientate-in

architecture supports its’ occupants’ well-being, has good illumination, provides a large and

open view, and provides nice ornamentation. Finally, the lighting fixtures’ styles significantly

contribute to amenity (A10). Direct lighting, and ceiling color and shapes are low cost and

economical elements that designers can use to improve the amenity’s perception.

Furthermore, the direct lighting style and lighting fixtures’ layout can also be used for the

same purpose.

4.2 How does indoor air affect people?

4.3 The effect of home colors on people’s mood

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 32

Color forms a vital component of our daily lives and its presence is perverse in our

perception of everything. Several research findings, including those by Hemphill (1996);

Lang (1993); & Mahnke (1996), suggests that colors have can significantly impact human

being’s feelings and emotions. For example, according to Ballast (2002) & Wexner (1982),

the blue color is oft associated with the feeling of comfort and security, yellow with

cheerfulness, purple with dignity and stateliness, orange with distressing and upsetting

feeling, and red with excitement. Furthermore, research findings by Linton (1999) & Saito

(1996) indicates that some colors may be associated with various emotions, and some

emotions with various colors. For instance, whereas the green color has a relaxing and retiring

effect, it also has both negative and positive impressions like guilt, tiredness, naturalness,

quietness, and refreshment (Davey, 1998, Mahnke, 1996, Saito, 1996). Similarly, the red

color, which is often used to symbolize dynamism and dominance, has a stimulating and

exciting effect. However, it also associated with both negative and positive impressions like

intensiveness, rage, bloodiness, aggressiveness, warmth, passion strength and activeness.

In the same note, the color-emotions relations has often been closely linked to color

preferences, i.e. whether an individual perceives a particular color as eliciting negative or

positive feelings. According to researches by Adams & Osgood (1973) and Eysenck (1941),

there are various colors that have been determined to be highly preferred by people regardless

of their culture, racial, or age. For instance, Hungarian (1968) determined red and blue to be

the most preferred colors amongst Americans, although they were less preferred in other

cultures. Other studies have also determined unique color preference tendencies both between

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 33

two or more countries, and with respect to geographical regions, gender and age within the a

particular country (Saito, 1996; Kaya, Epps & Hall, 2004).

4.4 How to harness psychology to improve resident’s wellbeing

Spatial design adequacy (SDA) is the term used to describe the spatial design qualities

with the ability to satisfactorily satisfy the actual space’s occupants. On the other hand, comfort

or amenity describes subjective satisfaction, and is often dependent on the occupant’s own

experiences, and socio-cultural and personal backgrounds. Again, convenience or efficiency

relates to the occupants’ subjective satisfaction when they are not stressed as a result of the

agreeableness between the spatial conditions and specific behaviors and activities. In their

research article titled ‘‘The Effect of Interior Design Elements and Lighting Layouts on

Prospective Occupants’ Perceptions of Amenity and Efficiency in Living Rooms’’, Lee,

Alzoubi and Kim, (2017) examined the effect of interior design elements on the prospective

occupant’s amenity and efficiency perception in a residential space. The researchers surveyed

thirty-one (31) prospective occupants using virtual environments consisting of various

amalgamation of interior design components.

The researchers discussed the prospective occupant’s views in terms of their affordability

and satisfaction and then statistically interpreting the findings before having a detailed

discussing on the spatial factors affecting overall satisfaction. After analysing the results, the

researchers determined the interior design elements’ perceived affordace to have been

significantly influenced by concrete and priming behaviors in a space. The colors, surfaces, and

materials were contributed weakly to the space’s perception. Therefore, the prospective

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 34

occupants’ evaluative perception processing elaborations were not effectively activated in the

SDA’s assessment in relation to the colors, surfaces, and materals in a space. To summaroze,

one of the lessons from the study is that the vacant areas’ location, sofa arrangement, and the

television’s location in a space play crucial role towards amenity’s positive perceptions.

批注 [MOU8]: •A conclusion is required. (where you

summarise your argument and findings, and perhaps

pose questions for further investigation )

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 35

Bibliography

(PDF) Architectural Psychology (2016). Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309432628_Architectural_Psychology (Accessed:

20 November 2020).

Alexander, L. (1956) ‘Therapeutic process in electroshock and the newer drug therapies:

Psychopathological considerations’, Journal of the American Medical Association. American

Medical Association, 162(10), pp. 966–969. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.02970270026009.

APA PsycNet (2011). Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2010-21055-001 (Accessed:

21 June 2020).

Colombo, B., Laddaga, S. and Antonietti, A. (2015) ‘ScienceDirect Psychology and design.

The influence of the environment’s representation over emotion and cognition. An ET study

on Ikea design’, Procedia Manufacturing, 3, pp. 2259–2266. doi:

10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.370.

Dunn, B. D. and Roberts, H. (2016) ‘Improving the capacity to treat depression using talking

therapies: Setting a positive clinical psychology agenda.’, in The Wiley handbook of positive

clinical psychology. Wiley Blackwell, pp. 183–204.

Hamdy Mahmoud, H.-T. (2017) ‘The Academic Research Community Publication The

International Conference : Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts (CITAA) Interior

Architectural Elements that Affect Human Psychology and Behavior’. doi:

10.21625/archive.v1i1.112.

批注 [MOU9]: Try to use a broad range of high-quality,

reliable sources.

1.Be careful when using the internet for research:

chances are that information from the web is trivial,

wrong or out of date. Be discriminating about your web

research. Major university department websites and staff

websites (ending in .ac.uk or .edu) as well as sites by

major organisations can be great resources (museums,

learned societies, galleries etc – often with .org). Other

sites, especially if they do not contain author

information, are often not only useless but misleading.

2. So personally, I think we should delete

these references and add more from books.

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 36

Hargreaves Mcintyre, M. (2006) Education A Literature Review of the Social, Economic and

Environmental Impact of Architecture and Design A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURE AND

DESIGN. Available at: www.scotland.gov.uk/socialresearch (Accessed: 20 November 2020).

James, S. L. et al. (2018) ‘Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years

lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–

2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017’, The Lancet.

Lancet Publishing Group, 392(10159), pp. 1789–1858. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.

Joye, Y. (2007) ‘Architectural Lessons from Environmental Psychology: The Case of

Biophilic Architecture’, Review of General Psychology. SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los

Angeles, CA, 11(4), pp. 305–328. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.11.4.305.

Kaya, N., Epps, H. H. and Hall, D. (2004) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLOR AND

EMOTION: A STUDY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS.

Lee, S., Alzoubi, H. and Kim, S. (2017) ‘The Effect of Interior Design Elements and Lighting

Layouts on Prospective Occupants’ Perceptions of Amenity and Efficiency in Living Rooms’,

Sustainability. MDPI AG, 9(7), p. 1119. doi: 10.3390/su9071119.

Psychology in Design. Principles Helping to Understand Users. | by Tubik Studio | UX Planet

(2017). Available at: https://uxplanet.org/psychology-in-design-principles-helping-to-

understand-users-10bcf122f4b0 (Accessed: 20 November 2020).

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 37

Soler, J. E. et al. (2018) ‘Light modulates hippocampal function and spatial learning in a

diurnal rodent species: A study using male nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)’,

Hippocampus. John Wiley and Sons Inc., 28(3), pp. 189–200. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22822.

Sun, J., Wang, Z. Y. and Sun, X. Z. (2013) ‘The relationship between design concept and

design psychology’, in Applied Mechanics and Materials, pp. 712–715. doi:

10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.415.712.

Wang, P. S. et al. (2007) ‘Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance

disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys’, Lancet. NIH Public

Access, 370(9590), pp. 841–850. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61414-7.

Weinthal, L. (ed.). (2011), Toward a New Interior: An Anthology of Interior Design Theory. Princeton Architectural Press.

Taylor, M. and Preston, J. (eds.). (2006). Intimus: Interior Design Theory Reader. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

• Images should be placed close to the text that they support. They can be indexed in the text: e.g. ‘Le Corbusier’s first design for Algiers (Fig.3)’

• – There should be captions for all images and a reference to its source in the bibliography

• – The text will need to have paragraph breaks where appropriate. You can either mark these with an indentation or a line break and no indentation. Whichever you use, be consistent

• – You should use clear sub-titles for new chapters. A chapter can have a number and a title

• – Half-empty pages are acceptable at the end of an introduction or chapter, but not halfway through chapters or sections (unless you have deliberately chosen another approach to the formatting which should be agreed beforehand with your tutor)

PSYCHOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR DESIGN 38

• – Refer to essays in edited books or journals to get a sense of rhythm for paragraph breaks and the occasional empty line between sections

• – Always use page numbers • – Use an easy to read font (serif tends to be easier than sans serif) at 11 or 12

point

size

• – 1.2 – 1.5 spacing • – Margins no less than 2.54cm (so your tutor can add comments)