CIT 210 CSUN Operation Systems Management Part 3 & Part 4 Lab Report

CIT210/L OP. SYS. MANAGE (Lab Assignment 2) (80 Points)Lab 2: Linux Directory Structure, Linux and Windows File Server, Windows Server Disk and Storage
(Important Note: Some of the Tasks or Steps may not work, You need to Research, Troubleshoot and
Modify Configurations to make it work for your Network Environment to get Full Credit)
Task 1: Explore Linux Commands (20 Points)
Open Terminal window. Enter each of the following commands in turn and write the output
Command
Explain Output
dmesg | more(you may need
to press q to quit)
passwd
date
hostname
arch
uname -a
uptime
whoami
who
id
finger
wc /etc/passwd
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top (you may need to press q
to quit)
echo $SHELL
clear
history
head /etc/passwd
tail /etc/passwd
more /etc/passwd
less /etc/passwd
lost
Task 2: Explore Linux Directory Structure (10 Points)
1. Continue to explore the filesystem tree using cd, ls, pwd and cat. Look in /bin, /usr/bin,
/sbin, /tmp and /boot.
Summarize information you see in these directories?
2. Explore /dev.
Can you identify what devices are available?
3. Explore /proc. Display the contents of the filesinterrupts, devices, cpuinfo, meminfo and
uptime using cat. why /proc considered is a pseudo-filesystem which allows access to
kernel data structures?
4. Use grep to isolate the line in /etc/passwd that contains your login details.
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Task 3: Configure File Server Connecting Windows and Linux ( Samba) (30 Points)
One of the most common ways to network Linux (Ubuntu or Centos) and Windows computers is to
configure Samba as a File Server. This section covers setting up a Samba server to share files with
Windows clients. The server will be configured to share files with client on the network.
Step 1: Installation The first step is to install the samba package.
Step 2: Configuration
Configuration The main Samba configuration file is located in /etc/samba/smb.conf. The default
configuration file has a significant number of comments in order to document various configuration
directives. (File location may be different for different distribution)
1. First, edit the following key/value pairs in the [global] section of /etc/samba/smb.conf:
workgroup = EXAMPLE
security = user
The security parameter is farther down in the [global] section, and is commented by default. Also,
change EXAMPLE to better match your environment.
(Workgroup Match the windows system)
2. Create a new section at the bottom of the file, or uncomment one of the examples, for the directory
to be shared:
[share]
comment = File Server Share
path = /srv/samba/share
browsable = yes
guest ok = yes
read only = no
create mask = 0755
• comment: a short description of the share. Adjust to fit your needs.
• path: the path to the directory to share.
This example uses /srv/samba/sharename because, according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS), /srv3 is where site-specific data should be served. Technically Samba shares can be placed
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anywhere on the filesystem as long as the permissions are correct, but adhering to standards is
recommended.
• browsable: enables Windows clients to browse the shared directory using Windows Explorer.
• guest ok: allows clients to connect to the share without supplying a password.
• read only: determines if the share is read only or if write privileges are granted. Write privileges are
allowed only when the value is no, as is seen in this example. If the value is yes, then access to the share
is read only.
• create mask: determines the permissions new files will have when created
3. Now that Samba is configured, the directory needs to be created and the permissions changed. From
a terminal enter:
sudo mkdir -p /srv/samba/share
sudo chown nobody:nogroup /srv/samba/share/
(Change the commands according to distribution)
The -p switch tells mkdir to create the entire directory tree if it doesn’t exist.
4. Finally, restart the samba services to enable the new configuration:
sudo systemctl restart smbd.service nmbd.service
(Change the commands according to distribution)
Once again, the above configuration gives all access to any client on the local network.
From a Windows client you should now be able to browse to the Linux file server and see the shared
directory.
If your client doesn’t show your share automatically, try to access your server by its IP address, e.g.
\\192.168.1.1, (Replace with your IP) in a Windows Explorer window.
To check that everything is working try creating a directory from Windows.
To create additional shares simply create new [dir] sections in /etc/samba/smb.conf, and restart Samba.
Just make sure that the directory you want to share actually exists and the permissions are correct.
The file share named “[share]” and the path /srv/samba/share are just examples. Adjust the share and
path names to fit your environment. It is a good idea to name a share after a directory on the file
system. Another example would be a share name of [qa] with a path of /srv/samba/qa.
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Task 4. Disks and Volumes (Windows Server) (20 Points)
Creating Disks:This section includes tasks such as configuring sector sizes appropriate for various
workloads, configuring GUID partition table (GPT) disks, creating VHD and VHDX files using Server
Manager or Windows PowerShell, and mounting virtual hard disks. This part of the text also discusses
the NTFS and ReFS file systems.
NFS and SMB Shares: This section details the creation of these shared using tools like Server Manager
and PowerShell.
File and Folder Permissions: This section ensures that you are comfortable controlling important file
and folder permissions in Windows Server.
Configuring GUID Partition Table (GPT) Disks
Windows Server can use the older Master Boot Record (MBR) partition style or the new and improved
GUID Partition Table (GPT) partition style. GPT is very common these days as it allows the use of disk
space beyond 2 TB. GPT uses the new and improved UEFI boot mode.
It is super simple to check your partition style in Windows Server. Use the following steps to check your
settings using Disk Management:
Step 1. Right-click the Start button.
Step 2. Choose Disk Management from the shortcut menu.
Step 3. Right-click your disk.
Step 4. Choose Properties.
Step 5. Click the Volumes tab and check the Partition Style field.
Windows Server allows the conversion of disks to GPT from MBR and vice versa. A disk must be empty
and can hold no partitions or volumes. Obviously, it is important to back up your data before performing
such a conversion.
Follow these steps to convert within Disk Management:
Step 1. Right-click the Start button.
Step 2. Choose Disk Management from the shortcut menu.
Step 3. Right-click the existing partition(s) and choose Delete Volume.
Step 4. Right-click the disk and choose Convert to GPT Disk.
Note : Third-party tools can perform this conversion without the deletion of data.
You can also use the diskpart command prompt tool to perform the conversion, using the following
steps:
Step 1. Right-click the Start menu.
Step 2. Choose the Command Prompt (Admin).
Step 3. Type diskpart and press Enter.
Step 4. Type list disk and press Enter.
Step 5. Type select disk # and press Enter.
Step 6. Type clean and press Enter.
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Step 7. Type convert gpt and press Enter.
Creating and Mounting VHD and VHDX Files Using Server Manager or Windows PowerShell
Virtual hard disks are growing in popularity in our heavily virtualized datacenter environments, and it is
no surprise that their creation is simple both in the GUI of Windows Server 2016 and in PowerShell.
Using Server Manager is an easy way to access Disk Management and create VHD or VHDX files. Here is
how it works:
Step 1. In Server Manager, select Tools > Computer Management.
Step 2. In Computer Management, under Storage, choose Disk Management, as shown in Figure
Step 3. Select an active volume and then, from the Action menu in Disk Manager, choose Create VHD to
open the Create and Attach Virtual Hard Disk window, as shown in Figure
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Step 4. Specify the location of the VHD or VHDX, the size of the disk, the format of the disk (Gen
1 VHD or Gen 2 VHDX) and whether the VHD is of a fixed size or dynamically expanding.
Step 5. Confirm that the VHDX appears in Disk Management, as shown in Figure
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Step 6. Right-click the disk identifier on the left and choose Initialize Disk, as shown in Figure
Step 7. Choose the MBR or GPT partition method and click OK.
Step 8. Right-click your VHDX and choose New Simple Volume to create and mount your virtual
hard disk to a drive letter.
PowerShell offers cmdlets to make these storage manipulations as well. Here are some key cmdlets you
should know:
New-VHD: Creates a new VHD or VHDX:
Mount-VHD: Mounts one or more virtual hard disks:
Get-Disk: Gets one or more disks visible to the operating system:
Initialize-Disk: Initializes a RAW disk for first time use, enabling the disk to be formatted and used to
store data:
New-Partition: Creates a new partition on an existing Disk object:
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Format-Volume: Formats one or more existing volumes or a new volume on an existing partition:
Get-Partition: Returns a list of all partition objects visible on all disks, or optionally a filtered list using
specified parameters:
Add-PartitionAccessPath: Adds an access path such as a drive letter or folder to a partition:
Dismount-VHD: Dismounts a virtual hard disk:
SMB and NFS Shares
Creating and managing SMB or NFS shares for a network can be critical for your Windows Server
requirements. The following sections examine these topics. Remember that SMB shares are used in
Windows environments, while NFS shares are found in UNIX environments.
Configuring SMB and NFS Shares Using Server Manager
NFS and SMB shares of various complexity are simple to create directly from within Server Manager.
Follow these steps:
Step 1. Launch Server Manager.
Step 2. Choose File and Storage Services in the left column.
Step 3. Select Shares.
Step 4. In the Shares area, right-click an empty space and choose New Share to launch the New
Share Wizard, as shown in Figure
Notice that this wizard offers many options for share creation, including the following:
SMB Share – Quick: This choice is for the simple creation of shares for mainly Windows-based
computers.
SMB Share – Advanced: This option creates the SMB share with many more advanced options,
including the following:
Setting the shares’ owners: This can be critical when users are denied access to the share.
Configuring the default classification of data in the share: This assists in the creation of management
and access policies.
Enabling quotas: This allows restrictions on the space that users can consume.
SMB Share – Applications: This choice creates SMB shares with settings designed for Hyper-V, certain
databases, and other server applications.
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NFS Share – Quick: This option provides the fastest method of creating basic shares to be used
primarily by UNIX-based systems. To use this option, you must install Server for NFS, found under the
File and Storage Services – Files and iSCSI Services node of Roles and Features.
NFS Share – Advanced: This choice creates the NFS share with advanced options. Note that it requires
the installation of Server for NFS as well as the File Server Resource Manager. Advanced options include
the following:
Setting the shares’ owners: This can be critical when users are denied access to the share.
Configuring the default classification of data in the share: This can aid in the creation of
management and access policies.
Enabling quotas: This allows restrictions on the space that users can consume.
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Server Storage
Follow these steps to configure the Storage Spaces functionality in various configurations:
Step 1. In Server Manager, select File and Storage Services and then Storage Pools, as shown
in Figure
Step 2. Create a new Storage Pool by using the Tasks drop-down menu.
Step 3. Provide values for Storage Pool Name and Available Disk Group, and choose Physical Disks for
the pool.
Step 4. Create a new virtual disk and specify the following values:
Storage Pool
Virtual Disk Name
Enclosure Awareness
Storage Layout
Resiliency Settings
Provisioning Type
Size of the Virtual Disk
Step 5. When the virtual disk is created, select Create a volume when this wizard closes.
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Step 6. In the New Volume Wizard, complete the following:
Virtual Disk
Volume Size
Drive Letter
File System
Volume Label
Expanding a Storage Pool is simple. Follow these steps:
Step 1. Add a new virtual disk by navigating to iSCSI in Server Manager.
Step 2. Create a new iSCSI virtual disk by specifying the following values:
Storage location
Disk name
Size
ISCSI target
Step 3. In Server Manager, click the Refresh button and wait for all the panes to refresh.
Step 4. In the STORAGE POOLS pane, right-click your Storage Pool and then add the new physical disk to
the Storage Pool.
Step 5. In the VIRTUAL DISKS pane, right-click Mirrored vDisk and then extend your virtual disk to the
desired size.
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