Placebo effect

From a research point of view, placebos are often essential in determining the safety and efficacy of a treatment. On the other hand, research participants often hope they get active treatment, especially if it is for a disease they already have or might get.

Is it “fair” to research participants to randomly assign them to receive either an active drug or an inactive substance? What about someone with a terminal illness, and the research drug is their last chance? What can be done to make the situation “more fair”?

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Health Equity

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What is Health Equity?

On This Page

Factors Affecting Health
Equity (Social Determinants
of Health)

OMHHE’s Role in CDC’s
CORE Commitment to
Health Equity

What You Can Do to
Promote Health Equity

References

Health equity is the state in which everyone has a fair and just
opportunity to attain their highest level of health. Achieving this
requires ongoing societal efforts to:

Address historical and contemporary injustices;

Overcome economic, social, and other obstacles to health and
health care; and

Eliminate preventable health disparities.

To achieve health equity, we must change the systems and policies
that have resulted in the generational injustices that give rise to
racial and ethnic health disparities. Through its CORE strategy,
CDC is leading this effort, both in the work we do on behalf of the
nation’s health and the work we do internally as an organization.

[1,2]

Preventable Health Disparities
Health disparities are preventable differences in the
burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to
achieve optimal health that are experienced by
populations that have been disadvantaged by their social
or economic status, geographic location, and
environment. Many populations experience health
disparities, including people from some racial and ethnic
minority groups, people with disabilities, women, people
who are LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender,

[1]

https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/core/index.html

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queer, intersex, or other), people with limited English proficiency, and other groups.

Across the country, people in some racial and ethnic minority groups experience higher rates of poor
health and disease for a range of health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, asthma,
heart disease, cancer, and preterm birth, when compared to their White counterparts. For example,
the average life expectancy among Black or African American people in the United States is four years
lower than that of White people. These disparities sometimes persist even when accounting for
other demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as age or income.

Communities can prevent health disparities when community- and faith-based organizations,
employers, healthcare systems and providers, public health agencies, and policymakers work together
to develop policies, programs, and systems based on a health equity framework and community
needs.

[3]

Open All Close All

Factors Affecting Health Equity (Social Determinants of Health)

Social determinants of health are the conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, play, and
worship that affect a wide range of health risks and outcomes. Long-standing inequities in six key
areas of social determinants of health are interrelated and influence a wide range of health and
quality-of-life risks and outcomes. Examining these layered health and social inequities can help us
better understand how to promote health equity and improve health outcomes.

Social and Community Context (including Discrimination and Racism)



Healthcare Access and Use 

Neighborhood and Physical Environment 

Workplace Conditions 

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2019.htm#Table-004

https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/index.htm

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Education 

Income and Wealth Gaps 

OMHHE’s Role in

CDC’s CORE Commitment to Health Equity

CDC is transforming its public health research,
surveillance, and implementation science efforts to
expand beyond listing the markers of health inequities to
identifying and addressing the drivers of these
disparities. Through the CORE strategy, CDC is
integrating health equity as a foundational element
across our work – from science and research, to
programs, partnerships, and workforce. As part of the
initiative, OMHHE has adopted four CORE goals.

Cultivate comprehensive health equity science

OMHHE will facilitate and accelerate health equity principles’ adoption across CDC
programs, policies, data systems, and funding structures.

OMHHE is working to:

Standardize health equity language and principles.

Establish standards in health equity data collection.

Provide guidance on analyzing and using data to assess health equity and manage public health
programs.

Incorporate health equity principles and data collection standards into Notice of Funding
Opportunities that support research and non-research public health programs at the state and
local level.

Potential Impact: National, state, local, tribal, and territorial public health staff will have a better

https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/core/index.html

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understanding of health equity, the increased capacity to use data to integrate health equity into
public health systems and interventions, and ultimately eliminate health disparities in the communities
they serve.

Goal in Action: CDC’s CORE Commitment to Health Equity Science and Intervention Strategy

Optimize interventions

OMHHE/Office of Women’s Health will collaborate with partners to address and
reduce the impact of gender discrimination and gendered racism in the workplace.

OMHHE is collaborating with internal and external partners to:

Provide input to a national survey to assess the status and impact of gender discrimination and
gendered racism in the U.S. population.

Compile and communicate strategies, policies, and best practices intended to reduce gender
discrimination and gendered racism in the workplace.

Develop and implement strategies for strengthening organizational capacity to achieve and
sustain systems changes that promote health equity in the workplace.

Potential Impact: Systems changes will occur in the workplace, including workplaces that set the
standard for gender equity best practices, that decrease experiences of gender discrimination and
gendered racism, and ultimately, improve mental and physical health among people of all gender
identities.

Goal in Action: Evaluation of data on perceptions and experiences of gender discrimination and
gendered racism in the workplace.

Reinforce and expand robust partnerships

OMHHE will mobilize partners to develop and implement strategies addressing health
disparities and long-standing inequities including social determinants of health.

OMHHE is providing guidance and support to partners who respond to public health needs to:

https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/core/index.html

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Develop partners’ capacity to work with CDC to address health inequities, health disparities, and
structural and social determinants of health in response to public health crises.

Design new, or evaluate and refine existing, evidence-based strategies that address health equity
and long-standing health disparities and inequities; and develop guidance for implementation of
these strategies in diverse communities.

Potential Impact: CDC partners will be engaged and ready to respond to public health emergencies
and address long-standing health inequities, health disparities, and structural and social determinants
of health.

Goal in Action: National Initiative to Address COVID-19 Health Disparities Among Populations at High-
Risk and Underserved, Including Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations and Rural Communities

Enhance capacity and workforce engagement

OMHHE will transform the public health workforce to ensure diversity and health equity
competencies in existing and future staff.

OMHHE collaborates with internal and external partners to:

Expand access to undergraduate student internships by linking CDC Undergraduate Public Health
Scholars (CUPS) grantees with state, local, and community partners interested in hosting students
or establishing pipeline programs.

Integrate competencies of health equity as well as racism and health into the CDC and public
health workforce.

Potential Impact: National, state, local, tribal, and territorial public health agencies will have increased
opportunity to support underserved undergraduate students and the current public health workforce
with learning how to integrate health equity competencies into public health work. Ultimately, we will
create a public health workforce that reflects the communities we serve and is responsive to the
country’s changing demographics.

Goal in Action: CDC OMHHE Student Programs

What You Can Do to Promote Health Equity

https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/partnerships/COVID-19-Health-Disparities-OT21-2103.html

https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/partnerships/COVID-19-Health-Disparities-OT21-2103.html

https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/programs/index.html

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You—as a community member or member of an
organization—can join the effort to ensure that all
people have equitable access to resources to maintain
and manage their physical and mental health, including
easy access to important information, goods and
services, and affordable medical and mental health care.
Community- and faith-based organizations, employers,
healthcare systems and providers, public health agencies,
policy makers, and others play a key part in promoting

fair access to health, improving opportunity, and ensuring all communities can thrive.

Communities can promote health equity by adopting policies, programs, and
practices that:

Support equitable access to quality and affordable health and other social services (e.g., education,
housing, transportation, child care) and accessibility within these services.

Recognize, respect, and support the diversity of the community they serve.

Partner with trusted messengers and community health workers/promotores de salud to share
clear and accurate information tailored to a community’s languages, literacy levels, and cultures.

Include community engagement efforts that can help strengthen partnerships between community
members and public health entities, build trust, and promote social connection.

Engage trusted leaders known by the community and who share the same race and ethnicity,
sexual orientation, and cultural or religious beliefs as the community to share information, collect
input, or conduct outreach.

Use clear, easy-to-read, accurate, transparent, and consistent information from a reputable source
that is locally and culturally relevant in terms of language, messaging, tone, images, and
format. Information should be suitable for diverse audiences, including people with disabilities,
limited English proficiency, low literacy, or people who face other challenges accessing health
information.

Below are examples of additional actions that organizations and agencies can take to support health
equity.

Community and faith-based organizations can:

Help connect people with healthcare providers, goods (e.g., healthy foods, temporary housing),
and services to meet their physical, spiritual, and mental health needs.

[24]

[24]

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Work with others to address misinformation, myths, and lack of access to appropriate resources.
This might include working with trusted local media, local public health departments, or
community members to share information or community insights that help connect individuals to
resources and free or low-cost services.

Employers can:

Train employees at all levels of the organization to identify and interrupt all forms of
discrimination; provide them with training in implicit bias .

Establish and maintain equitable leave policies that are fair and flexible to meet the needs of all
employees.

Healthcare delivery systems can:

Deliver all health-related services in a culturally appropriate way and according to the needs of
patients. This may include providing the necessary patient supports (e.g., translator, patient
navigators).

Ensure providers show awareness of and respect for culture when providing care.

Collect and report race and ethnicity data on all patients and educate staff and patients on why
this information is an important part of making sure populations are receiving equitable access to
care.

Public health agencies can:

Build partnerships with different sectors (e.g., community- and faith-based organizations, racial
and ethnic minority-serving organizations, tribal communities, school and transportation systems,
scientific researchers, professional organizations) and community members to share information
and collaborate to advance health equity in communities.

Address misunderstandings about why people are being asked for personal information, including
race and ethnicity, and why this information is important to allocate resources and information
sharing to people who need them most.

State, tribal, local, and territorial governments can:

Explore options to provide free or low-
cost broadband Internet access so people can



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http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/implicit-bias-training/

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/cultural-competence-training-for-health-care-professionals

https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/clas

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1073110519857314#articleCitationDownloadContainer

http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/implicit-bias-training/

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/cultural-competence-training-for-health-care-professionals

https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/clas

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use telehealth and get information on health care
and social services.

Reassess policies that create barriers for healthcare
providers to collect and report data on race and
ethnicity and social determinants of health.

Partner with public health agencies to evaluate current and proposed policies in transportation,
housing, community development, and more for their impacts on health, using a Health in All
Policies framework. Prioritize health for communities experiencing health disparities in all policy
change.

Explore options to protect renters from evictions.

Work to expand childcare service options.

Increase public transportation services (e.g., free access to city bike programs).

References 

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Last Reviewed: July 1, 2022

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Chapter 1

Introducing Health Psychology

Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

‹#›

‹#›

Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

1
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to…
Recognize how the major causes of deaths have changed over the last century
Understand how factors such as age, ethnicity, income relate now to risk of disease and death
Contrast the biomedical model with the biopsychosocial model of health
Trace the expanding role of psychology in understanding physical health, from its roots in psychosomatic medicine and behavioral medicine to its current role in the field of health psychology
Familiarize yourself with the profession of health psychology, including how health psychologists are trained and the varied types of work that they do

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Changing Field of Health
1.1

[Author Name], [Book Title], [#] Edition. © [Insert Year] Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Patterns of Disease and Death
Major strides in medical science helped the 20th century change the patterns of death and disease in the United States. Infectious diseases stopped being the primary cause of death for people, and heart disease, cancer, and stroke became the leading killers.
In fact, it wasn’t until 2020 when COVID-19 became the first infectious disease to be among the top causes of death in the United States, falling right behind heart disease and cancer.
While deaths attributed to unhealthy lifestyles began to fall in in the early 2000s, there are still indicators that can researchers can use to help better determine patterns. These include age, ethnicity, and income.

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Causes of Death: 1900 and 2013
Causes of Death in 1900

Causes of Death in 2013

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Age and Death and Disease
When looking at Age as a factor in research on death and disease, it may seem obvious that older people are more likely to die than younger people, which is true. What researchers look at are the primary causes of death in certain age groups. For example, those who are 1 to 24 are more likely to die in accident, from personal injury, or homicide; while people who are over 45 are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Due to the high number of older people dying, those numbers dominate much of the research, but looking at the causes of death for younger people shows off a completely different pattern.

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ethnicity, Income, and Death and Disease
When looking at causes of death within ethnicities, one can observe that those from different ethnic backgrounds have different rates. European and African Americans die more from heart disease, while the leading cause of death for Asians and Hispanics is cancer.
Income is a major factor in causes of death and longevity. If you look at the numbers, it’s possible too why there might be some difference in ethnicities when their income levels are low. 10% of European Americans, 31% of African Americans, and 26% of Hispanics are below the poverty line.
In additional people with higher education also report better jobs, higher incomes, better health care access, fewer daily health symptoms, less stress, and healthier habits. 86% of European Americans, 81% of African Americans, and 59% of Hispanics graduate.

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ethnicity, Income, and Death and Disease
Continued

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Changes in Life Expectancy
(1 of 2)
During the 20th century the world saw a 30-year jump in life expectancy. Better medical care is a contributing factor, but it was infant mortality rates that brought the life-expectancy up more than anything. Between 1900 and 1990 the infant death rates dropped dramatically.
In addition, a better understanding of disease and disease prevention helped slow the spread of infectious diseases.

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Changes in Life Expectancy
(2 of 2)

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Escalating Cost of Medical Care
Over the years we have watched as medical costs have soared higher and faster than inflation. In 1970 the average per-person cost of medical care was $1067. In 2017 that cost had increased to $9,105, a meteoric rise of 850%.
Added into the mix are the cost of chronic diseases, which became more prevalent as the lifespan of people increased. Nearly 50% of the population suffers from a chronic medical condition of some kind, and 86% of medical dollars spent on chronic medical conditions, with 88% of prescriptions being written for chronic conditions.

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

What is Health?
(1 of 3)
Traditional view of health is the biomedical model which defines health as the absence of disease. It conceptualizes disease solely as a biological process that is a result of exposure to a specific pathogen. This model spurred the development of medical drugs and technology oriented toward removing the pathogens and curing disease.
This view of health is compatible with infectious diseases that were the leading cause of death 100 years ago.
As chronic disease began to replace infectious diseases as the leading cause of death, the biomedical model became insufficient (Stone, 1987).

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

This view sees health as a result of exposure to a specific pathogen (a disease causing organism). Removing the pathogen then would restore health. This does largely explain many infectious diseases (such as diarrhea and pneumonia)—though see “Would You Believe…?” box on pp. 10 to see how this model cannot explain who does and does not get the common cold.
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

What is Health?
(2 of 3)

‹#›
Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

What is Health?
(3 of 3)
A new approach to health known as the Biopsychosocial Model looks at additional factors when defining health. By looking at biological, psychological, and social influences such as genetics, physiology, social support, personal control, stress, compliance, personality, poverty, ethnic background, and cultural beliefs.
This Model has at least two advantages. It incorporates psychological and social factors, and it views health as a positive condition. It sees health as more than the absence of disease. For example, a person with no disease condition is not sick, but may not be healthy. Leading an unhealthy lifestyle increase the risk for future disease.
Because health is seen as including all aspects of living, the World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Psychology’s Relevance for Health
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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Discussion 1
When you think of psychology’s relationship to health, what do you think of?
Do you think of the role of psychology in preventing disease? In addressing behavioral risk factors like tobacco use or in persuading people to get preventive care like immunizations?
Do you think of the role of psychology in treating disease? In helping people develop healthy ways to deal with stress or in helping people deal with the realities of a diagnosis? What about in the treatment of mental disorders?
What other relationships does psychology have to health?

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Role of Psychology
Psychology is the science of behavior. It is more relevant to health care than ever before because behavior is so important in the formation of chronic disease.
In 1911 the American Psychological Association (APA) recommended that psychology be part of the medical school curriculum. Most schools did not follow this recommendation until the 1940s and 1950s.
From 1969 to 1993 the psychologists with academic appointments in universities tripled.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Contribution of Psychosomatic Medicine
(1 of 2)
The Biopsychosocial model recognizes that psychological and emotional factors contribute to physical health problems. It’s an idea that Socrates and Hippocrates proposed in their times. While Freud also proposed that unconscious psychological factors could contribute to physical symptoms.
It wasn’t until 1932 that Walter Cannon observed that emotions are accompanied by physiological changes. This led to researchers wanting to tie emotional causes to illness. Walter Cannon in 1932 demonstrated that emotions can cause physiological changes that can result in disease.
Helen Flanders Dunbar hypothesized a relationship between personality type and disease in 1943, which led Franz Alexander to notice emotional conflicts as the precursor to certain diseases in 1950.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Contribution of Psychosomatic Medicine
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The Biopsychosocial Model
Psychosomatic medicine benefited health care by connecting the emotional and physical conditions, but it may have harmed it by belittling the psychological components of illness.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Emergence of Behavioral Medicine
Behavioral medicine arose as an interdisciplinary field focused on the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques relevant to health and illness.
The integration of biomedical sciences with behavioral sciences, especially psychology, is a key component. Behavioral medicine attempts to use psychology and the behavioral sciences in conjunction with medicine to achieve better health.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Emergence of Health Psychology
In 1976 the American Psychological Association revealed that few psychologists conducted health research. The report envisioned a future in which psychologists would contribute to the enhancement of health and prevention of disease and in 1978, Health Psychology officially began with the establishment of Division 38 of the APA.
Health Psychology includes psychology’s contributions to the enhancement of health through the application of psychological principles to physical health areas. With its promotion of the biopsychosocial model, health psychology continues to grow.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Profession of Health Psychology
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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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The Training of Health Psychologists
Health psychologists are psychologists first and health care workers second. Once they have become a psychologist, they can choose to specialize in health care and study topics such as neurology, endocrinology, immunology, and epidemiology.
A clinical health psychologist must learn clinical skills and how to practice as part of a health care team. When a psychologist has medical training, they could choose to focus their knowledge in the areas of neurology, endocrinology, immunology, and epidemiology.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Work of Health Psychologists
The setting where you find a health psychologist will depend on what their specialty is. They could work in research at universities or government agencies focusing on behaviors related to the development and treatment of disease, or they could teach.
A clinical health psychologist works more closely with patients, generally as a part of a hospital or clinic. They may also work for themselves or be a part of an HMO network.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Self-Assessment
What concepts related to health psychology were of most interest to you? Why?
What roles do you see for health psychologists in today’s world? What kind of contributions might health psychologists make? How can they help individuals? What about helping society as a whole?

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary (1 of 1)
Now that you have completed this chapter, you should have learned how to:
Recognize how the major causes of deaths have changed over the last century
Understand how factors such as age, ethnicity, income relate now to risk of disease and death
Contrast the biomedical model with the biopsychosocial model of health
Trace the expanding role of psychology in understanding physical health, from its roots in psychosomatic medicine and behavioral medicine to its current role in the field of health psychology
Familiarize yourself with the profession of health psychology, including how health psychologists are trained and the varied types of work that they do

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Causes of Death: 1900 and 2013

Causes of Death in 1900 Causes of Death in 2013