UNIT VIII SCHOLARLY ACTIVITY
PLEASE READ THE DIRECTIONS IN THE SYLLABUS
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
6. Relate leadership and management principles to effective solid waste management.
8. Solve solid waste problems through collaborative methods of problem solving.
8.1 Identify different collaborative methods of problem solving.
8.2 Relate identified collaborative problem solving methods to a given scenario.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Toward Integrated Resources Management – Environmental, Political, and Economic Issues
Unit Lesson
For most of the units covered in this class, the focus has been on non-hazardous wastes generated from
residential dwellings. In this unit, one of the focuses is on business and office complexes. Just as with
residential units, these facilities generate both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. The waste destined for
the municipal landfill generally is placed into large bins in a fenced-in area and then collected or emptied by
dedicated trucks. Recycling of metals, plastics, and paper helps to reduce the volume destined for the landfill,
and it reduces the invoice sent to the business to cover the cost of waste disposal. Businesses and offices
also generate hazardous wastes, and these need to be managed separately.
40 CFR part 261.5 of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulation classifies facilities that generate less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste
as conditionally exempt small quantity generators. These facilities are not required to get an EPA ID number
provided that they accumulate and store less than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste onsite (United States
Governmental Printing Office, 2011). There is no time limit for how long the accumulation period can be
before the waste must be sent offsite for treatment/destruction and disposal. A common scenario for older
facilities involves the updating of their florescent light fixtures where the ballasts may contain polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) that must be handled as a hazardous waste. In addition, the small business may find that
the florescent light bulbs contain mercury that also must be handled as a hazardous waste when disposed.
Both of these wastes are prohibited from being disposed of at local municipal landfills, and they must be sent
offsite to a RCRA-permitted hazardous waste treatment facility (e.g., Deerfield, Texas).
The rules get exponentially more complex once the 1,000 kg threshold is exceeded. In slightly larger facilities,
site management will likely have an Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) professional or a product
steward on staff. The product steward is a relatively new position in companies, and he or she is tasked with
identifying, communicating, and managing the hazards and risks associated with developing, manufacturing,
selling, and identifying end-of-life options for manufactured products. In many smaller manufacturing
companies, it is now the product steward who is responsible for determining the hazard classification of
products as well as the environmental stewardship role of determining the RCRA regulatory status of
hazardous wastes. The product steward is in a unique position within a company and drives changes in the
company that will minimize or eliminate the use of hazardous and toxic substances in manufacturing
processes and in product formulations.
The primary function of the product steward involves assessing and classifying the hazards of the products
that the manufacturer formulates for commerce. Product stewards evaluate products throughout the product
life cycle from design, to manufacturing, to transport, to storage, to customer use, to end-of-life options. The
product steward identifies the chemical compounds that have the potential to adversely impact human health
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Integrated Resource Management
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
or the environment and works with research and development (R&D) to eliminate or substitute these for
greener alternatives.
In the past, regulators have had the greatest influence on the chemicals used in manufacturing by restricting
use or by banning chemicals completely from commerce. Regulators have established chemical lists of
approved chemicals that can be manufactured or imported into a country. For the United States, the EPA has
established the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) chemical inventory, and in Canada, Environment
Canada has published the Domestic Substance List (DSL) of existing chemicals that are approved to be
manufactured or imported (United States Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.; Government of Canada,
n.d.). If a chemical is not on these lists, it is deemed to be a new chemical substance in that country, requiring
the chemical to be tested and registered with the appropriate national authority.
There are many additional roles that the product steward has in a company. Product stewards must have a
broad base of knowledge to meet the expectations of management. These include understanding regulations,
transportation, adverse events that customers experience when being exposed to the product, the
communication of hazards, and precautionary language in safety data sheets and container labels. Product
stewards must be familiar with testing protocols, databases, regulatory filings, and the principles of green
chemistry.
There are two analogies that help to describe the role of the product steward in a company. The first
envisions the people in the cockpit of an airplane. In older planes, this meant having a pilot, a copilot, and a
flight engineer. The role of the pilot is to get the plane from its starting point to its destination. In a company,
this can refer to the operations, sales, marketing, and logistics functions. The role of the flight engineer is to
check on flight systems and to make sure that the aircraft is performing properly. If the fuel needs to be
transferred around the aircraft to provide proper balance, the flight engineer manages this function. In a
company, this can describe the roles of accounts receivable, accounts payable, finance, supply chain, and
human resources.
Now we get to the copilot. What is the purpose of the copilot on the plane? The reason is simple — to make
sure that the plane does not crash. The copilot primarily assists and enables the pilot and flight engineer to
perform their functions. But when protocols, flight procedures, or control tower instructions are not being
followed, it is the copilot’s job to speak up and insist that inappropriate behaviors are brought back into line. In
an organization, this is the role of the product stewardship function. If marketing is making product claims that
cannot be substantiated, the product steward has the responsibility to speak up. If marketing does not correct
this issue, the product steward must raise the issue up the management chain until the issue is resolved.
Protecting the brand and reputation of a company is a prime responsibility of a product steward.
Here is a second analogy to consider as a description of the product stewardship function. Think about the
human body. The head does the thinking and sets the activities that the body will perform. This equates to the
board of directors and to the executive committee and management leadership teams. The heart can
represent marketing. The hands and feet can represent the sales force and technical support functions. The
gut can represent the finance, supply chain, and human resource functions that ensure that the body has
what it needs to operate. So what part represents product stewardship? Consider the central nervous system.
The nerves run throughout all areas of the body just as product stewardship interacts with all areas of a
company. In the body, the nerves help the hand to move and to grip. However, if the hand tries to twist itself
into a bad position, the nerves send out a pain signal to keep the hand within an established boundary.
Here are some real examples where this can happen in a company. When the supply chain wants to import a
chemical from Europe, it asks the product steward if the chemical can be imported. The product steward
confirms that the chemical is listed on the EPA TSCA chemical inventory and prepares an import declaration
for customs, a U.S. Global Harmonization System (GHS) Safety Data Sheet (SDS), and container label once
the container enters the U.S. When sales wants to export a product to Australia, it asks if this is allowed. The
product steward checks to determine if the components of the product are on the Australia Inventory of
Chemical Substances (AICS) and that the U.S. Department of Commerce does not have an export licensing
requirement. However, when marketing wants to make a claim that the product will not harm the environment,
then product stewardship must challenge when data does not exist to support this claim.
Product stewards are both facilitators and enforcers that require a company to operate within an established
boundary. When a boundary is crossed, the product steward must forcibly bring the company back to an
agreed norm so as to protect the company’s reputation. It only takes one person or business function acting
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
as a loose cannon to destroy the reputation and market position of a company. Recall how the tobacco
industry ignored scientific research showing that smoking can lead to cancer. It cost them their reputation and
more than $52 billion in fines (“Master Settlement Agreement,” n.d.).
References
Government of Canada. (n.d.). Domestic substances list. Retrieved from https://ec.gc.ca/lcpe-
cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=5F213FA8-1
Master settlement agreement. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://web.archive.org/web/20080625084126/http:/www.naag.org/backpages/naag/tobacco/msa/msa-
pdf/1109185724_1032468605_cigmsa
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.) TSCA chemical substance inventory. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
United States Governmental Printing Office. (2011). Code of Federal regulations: Title 40 protection of
environment. Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol26/pdf/CFR-
2011-title40-vol26
Suggested Reading
Life cycle management and sustainability are two issues that are important to every company. The resource
below provides great information on these topics and how businesses around the world are addressing them.
United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). Life cycle management: How business uses it to
decrease footprint, create opportunities and make value chains more sustainable. Retrieved
from http://www.unep.org/pdf/DTIE_PDFS/DTIx1208xPA-LifeCycleApproach-
Howbusinessusesit
Learning Activities (Non-Graded)
Practice the skills learned in this unit by completing the following activity:
1. Review the suggested reading assignment describing product life cycle and value chains. Recall that
supply chain is upstream and demand chain is downstream and includes end-of-life disposition. Value
chain describes both supply chain and demand chain (how the product grows in value as it passes
through different stages in commerce).
2. Consider a corrugated cardboard container (box) that could be manufactured by WestRock in the
U.S. Outline the different stages in the life cycle of the container from the harvesting of trees to the
used box being recycled back to the mill where the fiber is reused to produce new containers. Identify
how the environment is affected at each step. Make a recommendation for each step as to how the
potential environmental impacts can be mitigated. After completing your evaluation and after making
your recommendations, how do you assess if the added costs and efforts that you propose will
produce real benefits to the environment?
Non-graded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to
submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.
http://www.unep.org/pdf/DTIE_PDFS/DTIx1208xPA-LifeCycleApproach-Howbusinessusesit
http://www.unep.org/pdf/DTIE_PDFS/DTIx1208xPA-LifeCycleApproach-Howbusinessusesit
Course Description
A study of the growing and increasingly intricate problems of controlling and processing the refuse created by urban society.
Includes discussion of issues concerning regulations and legislation with major emphasis on solid waste engineering
principles.
Course Textbook(s)
Worrell, W. A., Vesilind, P. A., & Ludwig, C. (2017). Solid waste engineering: A global perspective (3rd ed.). Boston, MA:
Cengage Learning.
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Assess the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management.
2. Evaluate the evolution of technologies related to solid waste management.
3. Assess the political environment as it relates to solid waste and solid waste management.
4. Summarize laws and standards related to solid waste management.
5. Describe best practices of solid waste management in an urban society.
6. Relate leadership and management principles to effective solid waste management.
7. Examine the impact of solid waste on human populations.
8. Solve solid waste related problems through collaborative methods of problem solving.
Credits
Upon completion of this course, the students will earn 3 hours of college credit.
Course Structure
1. Study Guide: Course units contain a Study Guide that provide students with the learning outcomes, unit lesson,
required reading assignments, and supplemental resources.
2. Learning Outcomes: Each unit contains Learning Outcomes that specify the measurable skills and knowledge
students should gain upon completion of the unit.
3. Unit Lesson: Unit Lessons, which are located in the Study Guide, discuss lesson material.
4. Reading Assignments: Units contain Reading Assignments from one or more chapters from the textbook and/or
outside resources.
5. Suggested Reading: Suggested Readings are listed within the Study Guide. Students are encouraged to read the
resources listed if the opportunity arises, but they will not be tested on their knowledge of the Suggested Readings.
6. Learning Activities (Non-Graded): Non-Graded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of
study.
7. Discussion Boards: Discussion Boards are part of all CSU Term courses. More information and specifications can
be found in the Student Resources link listed in the Course Menu bar.
8. Unit Assignments: Students are required to submit for grading Unit Assignments. Specific information and
instructions regarding these assignments are provided below. Grading rubrics are included with each assignment.
Specific information about accessing these rubrics is provided below.
9. Ask the Professor: This communication forum provides you with an opportunity to ask your professor general or
course content related questions.
10. Student Break Room: This communication forum allows for casual conversation with your classmates.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid
Waste Management
1
CSU Online Library
The CSU Online Library is available to support your courses and programs. The online library includes databases, journals,
e-books, and research guides. These resources are always accessible and can be reached through the library webpage.
To access the library, log into the myCSU Student Portal, and click on “CSU Online Library.” You can also access the CSU
Online Library from the “My Library” button on the course menu for each course in Blackboard.
The CSU Online Library offers several reference services. E-mail (library@columbiasouthern.edu) and telephone
(1.877.268.8046) assistance is available Monday – Thursday from 8 am to 5 pm and Friday from 8 am to 3 pm. The library’s
chat reference service, Ask a Librarian, is available 24/7; look for the chat box on the online library page.
Librarians can help you develop your research plan or assist you in finding relevant, appropriate, and timely information.
Reference requests can include customized keyword search strategies, links to articles, database help, and other services.
Unit Assignments
Unit I Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit I Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this assignment, the CSU Math Center has created an example problem using the
necessary formulas. Click here to access this example.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit II Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit II Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this assignment, the CSU Math Center has created an example problem using the
necessary formulas. Click here to access this example.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit III Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit III Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this Assignment, the CSU Math Center has created example problems using the
necessary formulas.
Click here to access the example for question 1. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Click here to access the example for question 2. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Click here to access the example for question 3. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit IV Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit IV Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this Assignment, the CSU Math Center has created example problems using the
necessary formulas.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 2
mailto:library@columbiasouthern.edu
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitI_Assignment x
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitI_FrontLoaderGarbageTruckandDumpsterExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitII_Assignment x
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitII_MunicipalGovernmentandTransferStationExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_Assignment x
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_CoarserParticleSizeDistributionExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_CoarserParticleSizeDistributionExampleTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_HigherBulkDensityRefuseExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_HigherBulkDensityRefuseExampleTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_SellingLandfillCapacityExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIII_SellingLandfillCapacityExampleTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIV_Assignment x
Click here to access the example for question 2. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Click here to access the example for question 3. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit V Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit V Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this Assignment, the CSU Math Center has created an example problem using the
necessary formulas.
Click here to access the example for question 2. This example contains a recorded lesson with audio. Click here for a
transcript of this lesson.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
A local municipality expects to close its landfill in one year, and it has decided to adopt a thermal technology for the
treatment of its municipal solid waste. The city needs your help to choose between a traditional municipal waste incinerator
and a pyrolysis unit. As a solid waste professional, you have been hired by the city council to provide an analysis of these
two technologies.
You are tasked with preparing an executive summary that compares the two technologies. Your summary should contain
the following items:
a short description of the technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, their waste products, and their economics;
the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management that are involved;
the laws or standards that factor into your decision;
how your decision will affect the population of the community; and
your recommendation and rationale to the city.
Your executive summary should be a minimum of three pages in length. You must use your textbook and at least one
resource from the CSU Online Library in your paper, but other academic sources may be used in addition. Any outside
information used must be cited in accordance to APA style, and your paper should be formatted in APA style to include a
title page, running head, and reference page.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit VII Assignment
For this Assignment, you will complete the Unit VII Assignment worksheet. This Assignment will allow you to demonstrate
what you have learned in this unit.
Click here to access the template for this Assignment. Save all of your work directly to the template, and submit it in
Blackboard for grading.
To assist you with the math required in this Assignment, the CSU Math Center has created an example problem using the
necessary formulas. Click here to access this example.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit VIII Scholarly Activity
You are an engineer in a design, build, and operate construction firm. The firm has received four requests for proposals
(RFPs) and can only respond to one of these. You have been asked to review the RFP from Washentaw County, Michigan,
and write up a three-page executive summary for the marketing team. After reading all of the executive summaries, the
marketing team will make a decision about which, if any, of the RFPs to respond to.
The RFP from Washentaw County is located here:
http://www.ewashtenaw.org/government/departments/finance/purchasing/online_bids/bid-status-previous-years/previous-
year-assets/assets_2010/rfp6518
Your executive summary should include the following items:
an introduction that includes a detailed overview of the project scope;
identification of the required information to be included into the company response to the RFP;
your concerns about any of the obligations in the RFP;
how any negotiations with Washentaw County could affect the decision (i.e.,What collaborative methods of problem
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 3
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIV_SeparatingPlasticfromShreddedWastesExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIV_SeparatingPlasticfromShreddedWastesTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIV_MunicipalityBudgetforRecyclingProgramExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitIV_MunicipalityBudgetforRecyclingProgExampleTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitV_Assignment x
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitV_NaturalGasGenerationataLandfillExample
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitV_NaturalGasGenerationAtALandfillTranscript
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitVII_Assignment x
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MEE/MEE5901/16E/UnitVII_MethaneProductioninBTUperYear
http://www.ewashtenaw.org/government/departments/finance/purchasing/online_bids/bid-status-previous-years/previous-year-assets/assets_2010/rfp6518
solving could be used to solve the marketing team’s problem of choosing an RPF? How could these methods be applied
to this situation?); and
your justified recommendation to respond or to pass on this business opportunity. This should include a description of
the leadership and management principles that factored into your decision.
Also, as stated in the RFP, the criteria for making a decision will depend on the following three areas: price, collection and
methodology, and responsiveness to the bid. While you cannot address the price issue, you can cover in your
recommendation discussion the collection methodology and the level of detail that you would recommend when responding
to the bid.
Your response should be at least three pages in length. At a minimum, you should use information from your textbook to
support your answer, but other academic resources may be used as well. Any resources used should by cited in
accordance with APA guidelines. Format your response in APA style to include a title page, running head, and reference
page.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
APA Guidelines
The application of the APA writing style shall be practical, functional, and appropriate to each academic level, with the
primary purpose being the documentation (citation) of sources. CSU requires that students use APA style for certain papers
and projects. Students should always carefully read and follow assignment directions and review the associated grading
rubric when available. Students can find CSU’s Citation Guide by clicking here. This document includes examples and
sample papers and provides information on how to contact the CSU Success Center.
Grading Rubrics
This course utilizes analytic grading rubrics as tools for your professor in assigning grades for all learning activities. Each
rubric serves as a guide that communicates the expectations of the learning activity and describes the criteria for each level
of achievement. In addition, a rubric is a reference tool that lists evaluation criteria and can help you organize your efforts to
meet the requirements of that learning activity. It is imperative for you to familiarize yourself with these rubrics because
these are the primary tools your professor uses for assessing learning activities.
Rubric categories include: (1) Discussion Board, (2) Assessment (Written Response), and (3) Assignment. However, it is
possible that not all of the listed rubric types will be used in a single course (e.g., some courses may not have
Assessments).
The Discussion Board rubric can be found within Unit I’s Discussion Board submission instructions.
The Assessment (Written Response) rubric can be found embedded in a link within the directions for each Unit
Assessment. However, these rubrics will only be used when written-response questions appear within the Assessment.
Each Assignment type (e.g., article critique, case study, research paper) will have its own rubric. The Assignment rubrics
are built into Blackboard, allowing students to review them prior to beginning the Assignment and again once the
Assignment has been scored. This rubric can be accessed via the Assignment link located within the unit where it is to be
submitted. Students may also access the rubric through the course menu by selecting “Tools” and then “My Grades.”
Again, it is vitally important for you to become familiar with these rubrics because their application to your
Discussion Boards, Assessments, and Assignments is the method by which your instructor assigns all grades.
Communication Forums
These are non-graded discussion forums that allow you to communicate with your professor and other students.
Participation in these discussion forums is encouraged, but not required. You can access these forums with the buttons in
the Course Menu.
Click here for instructions on how to subscribe/unsubscribe and post to the Communication Forums.
Ask the Professor
This communication forum provides you with an opportunity to ask your professor general or course content questions.
Questions may focus on Blackboard locations of online course components, textbook or course content elaboration,
additional guidance on assessment requirements, or general advice from other students.
Questions that are specific in nature, such as inquiries regarding assessment/assignment grades or personal
accommodation requests, are NOT to be posted on this forum. If you have questions, comments, or concerns of a non-
public nature, please feel free to e-mail your professor. Responses to your post will be addressed or e-mailed by the
professor within 48 hours.
Before posting, please ensure that you have read all relevant course documentation, including the syllabus,
assessment/assignment instructions, faculty feedback, and other important information.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 4
http://www.columbiasouthern.edu/downloads/pdf/success/citation-guide
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Student Break Room
This communication forum allows for casual conversation with your classmates. Communication on this forum should
always maintain a standard of appropriateness and respect for your fellow classmates. This forum should NOT be used to
share assessment answers.
Schedule/Grading
The following pages contain a printable Course Schedule to assist you through this course. By following this schedule, you
will be assured that you will complete the course within the time allotted.
Unit I Integrated Solid Waste Management [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit I Study Guide
Chapter 1: Integrated Solid Waste Management
Chapter 2: Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Quantities
Discuss: Unit I Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit I Assignment 10%
Unit II Collecting and Handling Municipal Solid Waste [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit II Study Guide
Chapter 3: Collection
Discuss: Unit II Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit II Assignment 10%
Unit III Unit Operations for Processing Municipal Solid Waste [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit III Study Guide
Chapter 4: Mechanical Processes
Discuss: Unit III Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit III Assignment 10%
Unit IV Unit Operations for Separating Municipal Solid Waste [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit IV Study Guide
Chapter 5: Separation Processes
Discuss: Unit IV Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit IV Assignment 10%
Unit V Role of Biological Processes in Stabilizing Municipal Solid Waste [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit V Study Guide
Chapter 6: Biological Processes
Discuss: Unit V Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit V Assignment 10%
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 5
Unit VI Role of Thermal Processes in Solid Waste Management [ Weight: 14% ]
Read/View: Unit VI Study Guide
Chapter 7: Thermal Processes
Discuss: Unit VI Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit VI Scholarly Activity 12%
Unit VII Structure and Design of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills [ Weight: 12% ]
Read/View: Unit VII Study Guide
Chapter 8: Landfills
Discuss: Unit VII Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit VII Assignment 10%
Unit VIII Integrated Resource Management [ Weight: 14% ]
Read/View: Unit VIII Study Guide
Chapter 9: Toward Integrated Resources Management – Environmental, Political, and
Economic Issues
Discuss: Unit VIII Discussion Board 2%
Submit: Unit VIII Scholarly Activity 12%
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 6
- MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management
Course Syllabus
Course Description
Course Textbook(s)
Course Learning Outcomes
Credits
Course Structure
CSU Online Library
Unit Assignments
Unit I Assignment
Unit II Assignment
Unit III Assignment
Unit IV Assignment
Unit V Assignment
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
Unit VII Assignment
Unit VIII Scholarly Activity
APA Guidelines
Grading Rubrics
Communication Forums
Schedule/Grading
Toward Integrated Resourc
Management-Er)vironmental
Political, and Economic Issue
While most of this book deals with the technical aspects of integr It I I ‘lit’
waste management, many issues related to solid waste engin I” 1’1 II
managerial, financial, regulatory, and even political. This chapter inc Itl,1
number of current issues that influence solid waste engineering t I,IV II
may have an increasing impact in the future.
9-1 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMEN
One means of understanding questions about material and product use a “t! II I
production is to conduct what has become known as a life cycle assessment ‘,11I1
an .asse.ssment is a holistic approach to pollution prevention by analyzillJl ill
enure life of a produce process, or activity-encompassing raw materials, 11101 1111
facturing, transportation, distribution, use, maintenance, recycling, and fill,1Itil
posal. In other words, assessing its life cycle should yield a complete picru«- 111111
environmental impact of a product.
The first step in a life cycle assessment is to gather data on the fII)IV I Ii I
material through an identifiable society. Figure 9-1, for example, shows 111\ II”
of paper through Switzerland. Once the quantities of various component II
such a flow are known, the environmental effect of each step in the produ. i “”
manufacture, use, and recovery/disposal is estimated.
9-1-1 Life Cycle Analysis
Life cycle analyses are performed for several reasons, including the comp.tu« ‘II u]
products for purchasing and the comparison of products by industry. In till’ II” “”
“( Ii I
1’1
Paper
production
887
Total
consumption
1041
Import
388
I igure 9-1 Flow of paper through Swiss society. All figures in tonnes/yr. Source: From “/\111 ”
Methods for the Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste.” Brunner, P. H., and W. R. Ernst, WOI II
Management and Research 4: 155, copyright © 1986 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted I y 1’1 It
of SAGE.
se, the total environmental effect of glass returnable bottles, for example, could
I compared to the environmental effect of non-recyclable plastic bottles. If all of
the factors going into the manufacture, distribution, and disposal of both types of
I ottles are considered, one container might be shown to be clearly superior. In th
ase of comparing the products of an industry, we might determine if the use of
phosphate builders in detergents is more detrimental than the use of substitutes,
which have their own problems in treatment and disposal.
One problem with such studies is that they are often conducted by industry
roups or individual corporations, and it should be no surprise that the results
ften promote their own product. For example, Procter &.Gamble, the manufac-
turer of a popular brand of disposable baby diapers, found in a study conducted
for P&’Gthat cloth diapers consume three times more energy than the disposable
kind. But a study by the National Association of Diaper Services found disposabl
diapers consume 70% more energy than cloth diapers. The difference was in th
a unLing pI” xlurc. II’on’ II ‘1I1h’ ’11’If outn 11’1111Ill’ dIMJl()M,lhl~’ 111111I I
recoverabl in a wast -t – 11rgy llity, then the lillp sable dlnp ‘1’1, 1)1 )I ‘1’11111′
efficient. 2
Life cycle analyses also suffer from a dearth f data, S m r th illl()lllI.11I1I1I
critical to the calculations is virtually impossible to obtain. F I’ xample, (1111
thing as simple as the tonnage of solid waste collected in th Unit I Slall: I~ 11111
readily calculable or measurable. And even if the data were th r ,Lh PI’ ‘1\111′ III
fers from the unavailability of a single accounting system. Is ther an opt im.il I. I I
of pollution, or must all pollutants be removed 100% (a virtual imp ssil illty),’ II
there are both air pollution and water pollution, how must these be rnp.u.-d ‘
This issue is schematically illustrated in Figure 9-2. For exampl , the W’! III
remove heavy metals from wastes increases with lower concentrations r 111’l.tI III
be recovered. The technology to reduce the metals in the waste gets m 1″ 1.1\ 11111
ous as concentrations get lower. As a benefit, these metals may no 10ng{‘1Jill I
an environmental risk but could be recycled. However, if no measures arc I,d I II
the potential risk that the metals pollute the environment in the futur in( 1t’,1 1_
In case of the landfill Kolliken, exorbitant costs were created in ord I’ to II, II
the wastes after they have been landfilled. The goal is to find the optimal II ‘1I
of treatment. But life cycle assessment that considers potential future risks IH 1111\
straightforward. Hellweg et al. applied potential long-term emissions in Iill’ 1\’111
assessment and also gave a comprehensive introduction to life cycle asses, 1111III
and compared different waste treatment technologies.”
‘”•…
t/)
o
U
Ecrit Eopt
•Recovery, Recycling, Diversion Emissions
Figure 9-2 Costs as a function of increase in recovery and diversion rates (left y ,I” I’)
and of damage in case no measures to reduce emissions are taken (right y-axis)
Adapted from source [20].
Ilow ‘v ‘I’, II ,Impl,’ I’ illllpll” ( I Ill, I 111111(11’11 III” ry(‘1•. 111111S N would
I • III fill ling th ‘ solut un ill 111• gr’, I olT’v Clip I-Iml ‘-wlwlh ‘I’ ( ) IIse I ,II ‘I’
11111- – III S I’ poly nyr ’11\ coffc ups. ‘I’ll’ nnsw ‘I’ III lst p pi w ul I give is 1101
III II • ith r, but inst a I l r Iyon lh p rnl< n 'nt rnu . But th r n v rth less
illl' rlrn S when disposabl ups are necessary ( .g., in hospitals) and ad' isi II
11111S1 made as to which type to choose.' So let us use life cycle analysis t mt I '
II de i i n.
Th paper cup comes from trees, but the act of cutting trees results in nvi
1011m ntal degradation. The foam cup comes from hydrocarbons such as oi I nd
filS, nd this also results in adverse environmental impact, including the us or
II )111’n wable resources. The production of the paper cup results in signif ani
Will I’ I ollution, while the production of the foam cup contributes essentially no
wat I’ pollution. The production of the paper cup results in the emission of hlo-
tin , chlorine dioxide, reduced sulfides, and particulates, while the produ lion
Or the foam cup results in none of these. The paper cup does not require ch 101’0
Ilu rocarbons (CFCs), but neither do the newer foam cups ever since the CI:Cs
11 polystyrene were phased out. The foam cups, however, result in the emission
or pentane, while the paper cup contributes none. From a materials separation
p .rspective, the recyclability of the foam cup is much higher than the paper lip
In e the latter is made from several materials, including the plastic coating 011
th paper. However, many communities do not have recycling programs for poly-
styrene. Paper and foam cups both burn well, although the foam cup produ cs
17,200 Btujlb (40,000 kJjkg), while the paper cup produces only 8600 Btu/lh
(20,000 kJjkg). In the landfill, the paper C\lP degrades into CO2 and CH4 (both
greenhouse gases) while the foam cup is inert. Since it is inert, it will remain in the
I ndfill for a very long time, while the paper cup will eventually (but very slowl y!)
d compose. If the landfill is considered a waste storage receptacle, then the foam
up is superior, since it does not participate in the reaction, while the paper up
produces gases and probably leachate. If, on the other hand, the landfill is thought
f as a treatment facility, then the foam cup is highly detrimental, since it do s
not biodegrade.
So which cup is better for the environment? If you wanted to do the right
thing, which cup should you use? This question, like so many others in this book,
is not an easy one to answer. Private individuals can, of course, practice pollution
prevention by a simple expedient such as not using either plastic or paper dispos-
able coffee cups but by using a refillable mug instead. The argument as to which
kind of cup, plastic or paper, is better is then moot. It is better not to produce the
waste in the first place. In addition, the coffee tastes better from a mug! We win
by doing the right thing.
9-1-2 Life Cycle Management
Once the life cycle of a material or product has been analyzed, the next
(engineering) step is to manage the life cycle. If the objective is to use the least ener-
gy and cause the least damage to the environment, then much of the onus is on the
manufacturers of these products. The users can have the best intentions, but if the
products are manufactured in such a way as to make meeting the goal impossible,
then the fault is with the manufacturers. On the other hand, if the manufactured
mz t ri Is arc .usy I s ‘ptlr, L’ nil II” yrlc, then III 0, t III ‘I ‘II ”I y , ,ilVl’ I, .uul III
environment is prot t d. This PI’ ess ht s be 0111′ III iwn n “o/llllfllll {II’I’III’III/,,”
There are numerous examples of how industrial (il’lns have r’ILI” I ‘1111.1011 .”
other waste production or have made it easy t r ov r wast r I’ till ISfill I, II III
process, save money. Some automobile manufacturers, for Inl I , arc 1110(\111.11
izing the engines so that junked parts can be easily reconditi n d and 1(‘1111Ii
Printer cartridge manufacturers have found that refilling cartri Ig s is far (IH”1I’1I
than remanufacturing them and now offer trade-ins. All ofthe eff rts by illllll’ll\
to reduce waste (and save money in the process) will influen e th . sol id IV,II.
stream in the future.
Bad examples abound of industrial neglect of environmental n L’1I1 1••1
the sake of short-term economic gain. The use and manufacture of non-r ry,l.lll\I
beverage containers, for example, is perhaps the most ubiquitous x Illpl,’ It
might be instructive to establish some baseline of absolutely un ons iOI,,”,I.
industrial behavior in order to measure how far we have come in th polhu “”
prevention process. The authors of this book recommend that there be an ,lIv,lld
established, called the Trabi Award, which could commemorate the worst, 1111/I
environmentally unfriendly product ever manufactured. The Trabant, aff IiOIl,111
ly known as the Trabi, was manufactured in East Germany during the 1c 70M ,II II
1980s. This homely looking car (Figure 9-3) was designed to be the East el’IIII,111
version ofthe Volkswagen, “the People’s Car.” Its design objectives were l 111.1111II
Figure 9-3 The East German Trabant, or “Trabi.” (Courtesy William A. Worrell)
I tll(‘ iply ns POHIIIIIt” I 111111”lIf,4ill”I’ II. l’d II Iwo 11’01. ‘1lgl11″ will ’11 IIa 11010
I I tlHI llrty ’11iin ” ,111I IIIwi I’ uti’ nus ‘d 111,1 ,Iv’ air p llution I I’ II ‘IIIH, All
.iI the om] n nrs W ‘I” I .stun I ar the I ‘(\sl ‘osl, and few survived n rill, I LIS’,
W 11’IlLr, II, th b dy W’IS m de of a fib ralass ru] osit that was irnpossihl . 10
I ‘X pt with duct tape! As far as the solid waste management was on ern xl,
111”1’1′ bi had absolutely no recycling value, since it could not be melt d down
lit I’.pr ‘sed in any other way, nor could it be burned in incinerators. 1\1’1 ‘1’ Ih(‘
I lll1i I arion of Germany, thousands ofTrabis were abandoned on the stre IS and
11,1(\t be disposed of in landfills. The Trabi is the best example of engin ~rinH
I ‘sign when the sole objective is production cost and environmental con ems me
II( 11 istent. The Trabi deserves to be immortalized as an exemplar of nviron
III.ntally destructive design.
9-1-3 Product Stewardship
Product stewardship, sometimes referred to as producer responsibility, is, according
1 the EPA, a product-centered approach to environmental protection. It calls 011
Ih se in the product life cycle-manufacturers, retailers, users, and disposers=-ro
h re responsibility for reducing the environmental impacts of products. lnst ‘a I
(Jr the traditional approach, where local government becomes responsible ror n
PI’ duct at its end of life, product stewardship shares that responsibility among all
I arties. Typically, product stewardship programs focus on products that are dif
I LIltto dispose of such as batteries, fluorescent bulbs, medical waste, and paint.
On a national level, the best example of product stewardship is the
It chargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC). In 1995, members of the
I”chargeable battery industry established the RBRC. Joined by over 28,000 r .tail-
rs, the RBRClaunched a nationwide industry-funded recovery system to take I <1('1<
nd recycle rechargeable batteries.
Product stewardship can also be implemented on a local level. In 2008, Illl’
an Luis Obispo County Integrated Waste Management Authority (IWMA) irnplc
mented an award-winning product stewardship program. The program was ncccs
ary, because on February 8, 2006, the Universal Waste Rule exemption, whi h
allowed households and some small businesses to dispose of batteries, electronic
devices, and fluorescent light bulbs in the landfill, expired. To meet these hr I
lenges, the IWMA needed a program that would be cost effective yet convenient for
the public.
A retail take-back program replaced the collection of these materials
at the existing permanent household hazardous waste collection facilities
(PHHWCFs). While there are six PHHWCFs, these facilities are open only on
Saturdays from 11 AM to 3 PM. In addition, the PHHWCFs are at locations such
as landfills and wastewater treatment plants. While these facilities are adequat ‘
to accept the occasional household hazardous waste from the public, they ar
not convenient enough to serve as collection locations for household batteries
and fluorescent tubes.
The IWMA selected the retail take-back program because it provided the pu h
lie with very convenient locations to return household batteries, fluorescent tubes,
latex paints, and sharps (needles). The retailers are located throughout the region
and ar Lypi ally pen H v n days I ‘I’ W’ .k Ibl’ • (‘I) I’d hour, III I Idll (III, III
publicshopsatthes 10 ati nswb n it is tim to rcpla Ih’il’hclIS’holdlwlIlll
and fluorescent tubes.
The IWMA’s staff began setting up batt ry and flu r s nL ILII(‘ loll, II II The IWMA initiated the battery and fluorescent tube retail tak -b.« I IIII1 Because of these problems, the IWMA adopted a mandatory or lillllllil It 1. From a consumer that buys batteries and/or fluorescent tubes (maxi ,,111111 2. From a consumer who documents the previous purchase of batteries ,III II 3. From a consumer who lives in the jurisdiction (maximum amount li,,1I1 11 Retailers are required to accept the items at no cost to the public. With,” I 9-1-4 Integrated Waste and Life Style Management Sy t ‘171 u /1/ / Ir——————————————-~ , DISPOSAL = disposal) p:f r.—..—.I ~
——————————————-~ Recovered and recycled waste flows need to be better integrated into all sc – Another difficulty is that poorer countries have much smaller waste quaru i· The ideal waste management practice may therefore differ from country to oun- Such a bottom-up movement is the Zero Waste Approach to Resource 9-1-5 Integra d R ourc M n m nt Automobile recycling in Europe is an example of applying lRM I !’ill( 11’1, 9-2 FLOW CONTROL
The San Diego Materials Recovery Facility is a perfect example of how nonu« III I There are two facets to flow control: The first is the ability of governnu-ut III For many years, states and local communities struggled with the issue ()f III II III (;cM OIl’/IU//lI, /1/1, II, U/rl/”‘SIOI/I/I , !lllll.,’, 1/11 (11)\)11), III!’ SlIP”‘IlIl.lCOIIII After atbone, local government had two options to regain control or th ir munidpal collection system. While both of these options are available, they may Some 13 years after Carbone, the high court again addressed flow contr I. In ntrol to private facilities and flow control to public facilities. Important legal and waste management services,” 550 U.S., at 344. Flow control to public faciliii s The reverse side of flow control is the ability to restrict solid waste from en ter- ut-of-state waste at all landfills. City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617. restrict the ability of private landfills to accept waste from outside the jurisdiction tion of this restriction is that some states have become dumping grounds for orh I” 9-3 PUBLIC 0 PRIVAT OWN HI
The debate between public and private ownership and op rali n is < In' Oil ' .11111
will continue into the foreseeable future. One thing can b said with (,l't:1IItl'
There is no one right answer that applies to all communities.
Collection of solid waste is considered an essential public s rvi ,(\11(1tli. A trend is to place collection services out to bid and let the muni ipalir II Ii While this approach appears to be good in principle, in reality it can be VII Another concern is the consolidation of the private sector. As comp.11I11 Public or private ownership of landfills is another current solid waste i\’,1I1 Public ownership does offer benefits to the local community. It can :0.(‘1 1\ 1.11′” Oil’ ,lltl’III,ltlv 111011pi lvii’, 111.111IWII\’II 10 have (II’ 0/11’1’1/(/(/1/ 01 ,I ..4 CONTRACTING FOR SOLID WASTE SERVICES municipality will prepare a request for proposal or RFP. In the RFP the muni ip.d Basic Service to Be Provided • Collection frequency-weekly Each of these factors influences the cost of providing service and must be care full Options Term of Agreement Cost of Service Sl. III c Idlll )11, Lit’ III “hod )1 lh ,t! 10 ,ldjllNt IIH’ COHI, dill’ 111\ 111’11’1111111111
Resources Provided Company Experience Record of Violations Financial Resources Draft Agreement Standard Terms and Conditions In some cases, a municipality will decide not to use a competitive process 1.111 • I 1I11H con 11:1 101 hu IIiOV Ii .t! lood (‘IV ( , uul I (IH’ pi (‘I’ \ 1’1 olllhi ” ( III Whil not g il g III t bid might s v tlinc lid mon y in most ‘as’s, it h( ul r spent $379,515 and the city spent $107,493 to defeat the initiative, while Agreement or Contract elusive agreement, only the selected company can provide the specified service. rande, California, recycling agreement: and for which Waste Generator sells or is otherwise compensated by a B. Recyclable Materials donated to a charitable, environmental or other C. Recyclable Materials which are separated at any Premises and which are D. Other Governmental Agencies within the City which can contract for Contractor acknowledges and agrees that City may permit other Persons This A{tr’CIllnu to ‘oil ‘(, (1′,lIlSI)()II,110 \’M, 11IHIIll.lI’I\’1H’ y( LIIlII’ Some municipalities that enter into franchise agreements with waste 11,11I11I 9-5 FINANCING SOLID WASTE FACILITIES ,
. Solid waste processing and disposal facilities can be either privately or puhlh h Solid waste operations receive revenue from the sale of services and good’i A central idea in engineering economics is the time value of money. A doll.u The initial cost of the facility is very important to the municipality or agent Y I (III I” It i. 0111111011101.101 I W,\. 1\’UltlIJl.IIIYIII IIldlll -tor HI ,111110,111(0 hu II Muni ipal governm nt can use general obligauo« bonds lO finan <1pit:II
IIOJ IS,These bonds are based on the full faith and credit ofthe gOY rnm 'Ill. 111
lid liti n, the interest paid to the bond holder is usually tax exempt, an I thus, IhI'
Ilt I' 51 rate on these bonds is low. One problem with bonds of this typ is Ih'll
Ih ‘y may require a vote of the citizens before they can be issued. . , 1\ I’ venue bond is guaranteed by the project. For example, a landfill may b funded I’ suit in a higher cost to the municipality. The interest rate is generally still tax 11’\’\’, One variation to the revenue bond is the ability of private compani ‘S In the assets and reduce its tax bill. Many waste-to-energy facilities have been bu iII now solid waste projects must compete with other beneficial projects, such as low Another complication is that public facilities require not only the capital ( Because of the time value of money, estimating the real cost of mu n I Ip,II 9-5-1 Calculating Annual Cost Table 9-1 6.125% Compound Int r
Years CRF PWF S
1 1.06125 0.942 1.00000 10 0.13667 7.316 0.07452 If the owner borrows X dollars and intends to pay back the loan inr: 111’11 III [ (1 + i)” -1 ¥ = the installment cost, $ The expression ‘
[ (1 + i)” -1 A town wants to buy a refuse collection truck that has an expected rom Tabl 9-1,th italrecov ry’f t (C )f rn=10i 0.1 667. 9-5-2 Calculating Present Worth [1]y- X(1 + i)” Y = the amount that has to be invested, $ The term
[(l~i)”]
is called the present worth factor (PWF).
From Table 9-1, the present worth factor (PWF) for n = 10 is 7.316. 9-5-3 Calculating Sinking Funds m J)’Y lurln Lh . (ltliv’ III’- 01’till’ l,llldllll HOtil,It, wh ‘II (ii- l,lllt/Ill I. lilli, lilt I [ i Jy- X(1 + i)” – 1 [(1 + i~n – 1J From Table 9-1, the sinking fund factor (SFF) at 10 years is 0.0745/, Note again that lOx $37,260 == $372,600, which is consid I 9-5-4 Calculating Capital PlusO&M Costs A community wants to buy a refuse collection vehicle that has all -rom blc 9·1, h c it I r COy IY I H t ” I I 11 10 i 0.1 66/, -5-5 Comparing Alternatives I on La a community need. The foregoing analysis for a single truck can be applied As an alternative to the truck analyzed in Example 9-4, suppose the The annualized capital cost for this truck is 0.13667 X $200,000 == 9-6 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Increased technological complexity and population densities have resulted in the The term hazardous substance or hazardous waste is difficult to define, and YI’I … any waste or combination of wastes of a solid, liquid, co~tained gaseous. in apa il.ling rcvcrsll k 11I1l(‘ss;01’ ( ) p ), (‘ ,I (II) 1.1111,II !ll\’ (‘Ill 01 !lOIl’1I1.iI When deciding whether or not a specific substance is hazs I’dous, I I II I The six tests used to define a hazardous material are given here,
• Radio.~ivity. The stipulation is that the levels of radioactivity not exce d 11101111111I • Bioconcentration. This criterion captures many chemicals such as (hl.1I11I1111 • Flammability. T~is stand~rd is based on the National Fire Protection Assl III.”,.. • Reactivity ..Some chemicals, such as sodium, are extremely reactive if brollf~1111111 • Toxici~y.The criterion for toxicity is based on LDso (lethal dose 50), or tll,lt tI” • Genetic, Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, and Teratogenic Potential. These arc ,III 111I1 Note ~at with this system of defining what is and is not hazardous, tl1(‘ .\1tllil The mos~ en~ironmentally sound disposal scheme for hazardous 111.11.II” Ill’ll1,lllv ,\II. po ,II (1I’111l ,\1’111111111(’11’III ,II IW(‘V’t,IIlO II1IHI Itoll” 1/,.111\ 1\ wi lcly used 111-iho I or diHj)OII”H (II 11.11.oIl’IOlISwaste SlIhSl:llw’/i l. ,Ih(‘ I) th landfill as well as to prevent oth r publi health and environm ntal 11’01- liS ‘el in such landfills. The overall philosophy is strict segregation from the IWI- 9.7 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE which to live, learn, and work. factor because of the size and potential impact of solid waste facilities, SLI h as measures. siting undesirable facilities in communities of color and low wealth. In the ab~ .1: I.’ by previous town councils!” 9-8 TH L OF TH LI WA T N IN To be effective, the solid waste engineer must be competent in (h 1′(‘.. 11, I . Tec~rlOlogy in t~e solid waste field is constantly evolving. For example, III \ .. Regulations become more stringent and complex every year. Regulation I’ I Communication is integrally important in solid waste engineering. Tlu: , “11 . Integrated solid waste management services and supporting faciliri, .., I, 1111(‘(‘1’ Iw< aUHl' (Iii' 'IIf 1111'('1IlIp,u( whuru 1111'(l111t1 ('11'((l'd III 111.11(. 11\(' ,,111111,1((,
II '( I, ion.
..9 FINAL THOUGHTS
‘I’ll;’ ivility of our society depends on all of us agreeing to abide by good marin .rs. .1 lrnonish others for boorish behavior. We should act as role models in can luct without doubt, we should not become criminals. In short, we all have a responsi But there is a larger question of why any of us should act in such a way. That The obvious answer to that question is that we don’t want to get caught an I for the sake of argument, let’s assume this extreme case. We have It all figured ut, harm? The answer comes in three parts. ing community-and we all benefit from this association. Actin~ in a manner Second, the antisocial act-even though we might get away WIth It-takes WI) stan Illig (IS henorahlc hUI1Hll1 be IlH’. 11,111\ ‘/4 1\1\ 11lIllllUI!\l’lil ‘Ill 11I’I’dll Finally, the reason for not being antis i, I, ‘v ’11assumlng w ‘ ‘oliid 11’1,11′,1\ But if by telling lies and becoming a scoundrel one gains matcriul!v \ ·11\ The truth is that engineers who behave without regard to mann rs, 11101,11-,11\ So why be a good engineer? We might get caught if we don’t b havr 111111 While the Viking society of northern Europe was in many ways (1’111’1,lilt! 9-10 EPILOGUE
Well, dear reader, you have made it to the end of the book. The authors, will: 11\I I 1. I3rUl111r, p, II., and W. It Ernst, 1( SG, “Life Cycle Analysis Measures Greenness, Solano, E., R. D. Dumas, K. W. 4. Hocking, M. B. 1991. “Paper versus 5. Worrell, W. A. 1999. The San Diego, 6. Waste News 5, Issue 38 (February 7, 7. County of San Diego Privatization Study. 8. The Local Government Guide to Solid Waste 9. Biering, R. A. 1999. “The Art of Saying 10. The San Diego Union-Tribune, February 12, 11. Wentz, e. A. 1989. Hazardous Waste 12, Blackman, W. e. 1993. Basic Hazardous I La .rega, M. “p, L. Hu I lngluuu, 14. Health Risk Assessmenl, fa’/’ rill’ UlwlIl 15. Bok, S. 1978. Lying: Moral 0;(111’1′ 16. Pritchard, M. 1991. On /3>;118 HI’.I/’III/l 17. Norton, J. M., S. Wing, II, r. I.lp/H 18. Azar, S. 1998. The Proposer! lillllllll 19. Winzeler, R., P. Hofer, and Moil, 20. Brunner, P. H., and H. Rechhcu; 2l. Hellweg, S., G. Doka, G. Finuvcdru 22. Stucki, s..c. Ludwig, and j, WIll II The Zero Waste Approach to Resour Richard Anthony www.zwia.org
The genesis of the Zero Waste movement comes from the realization that diSt .1111101 A Zero Waste system is a resource management system. The process of IV.I~I This is called the “closed circle economy,” and the analysis is called a ”\ I.ldlt DEFINITION OF ZERO WASTE
Toward the development of these new rules, The Zero Waste International All i,I1I11 “Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient, and vision.u V “Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes “Irnplci ‘nllnlJ, /,,( 1’0 W III will (1lllllllal’ nil lis h, I’g ‘8 to Inn~I,wnt ‘1’, ERO WASTE AND GLOBAL WARMING
\” ndfills are one ofthe largest sources of greenhouse gases (c.HGs) in an~ ~()~)\, mum y. f h g climate change is 28 to 36 times greater than carbon ~< ~l~~ ro:nd out the top three). In 2014, California Air ~esource Board ,(Ci\IUI)
fficials recommended that compostabJe organic matenals be :nanag I wltl)
( robic and anaerobic digestion technologies. A NASA photo (Figure I) shnw: F· 2 hich shows a “waste berg,” illustrates that there are 71 lOll.igure ,w f ., I’ II I Figure 1 NASA photo showing the location of methane in the atmosphere. Figure 2 Waste berg. Source: adike/Shutterstock.com. wast dis ard ‘d. Thus s 1I1′((‘~ Il’ III 11011 PIOW’\llI” III I only %nll1,\I’ 111\111 111111 If every discard in California was re ycl d I’ rnp Sl d. th ss vin] S wouh] III ZERO WASTE COMMUNITIES AND BUSINESSES
The Zero Waste movement is becoming increasingly prevalent in the till II d In the business sector, Zero Waste is a cost-cutting and efficiency I I(Wilill BASIC PRINCIPLES
Different from the Integrated Waste Management approach, the Zero W,I I There are five basic principles that are the pillars of the Zero Waste appro.u It
• The first prinicple is that resources are finite. • The second principle is that there is no away. II ‘II (el11l1 ‘I H’d 10 ‘V’I 111111\ (‘I I’, • ‘ \ .’ J •• \ to k Wh ‘\I I h ‘ I 1.11I ‘I S, 11 ,I ,I I . ” d lluti n rob th fuuir of res urt’. the t future generations will need.. burni nd landfilling of th ash may hr ~t effecti:le und:r t°thdaeYbsa~s 7~r n:we!Iles. These new rules will recogn iz 1II l’ future’s right to the planet’s resources and will discourage waste.
• The fourth principle is highes; and b.eslt~:t involves the highest and best LIS’ or h li includes repair an compos mg. .reuse, and recycle, were recyc mg. f R’ th “three R’s” (I’ ducc, R s are use to tea po u ducti or the area of discard manag I))CI\! k .ng and smgle-use pro ucts. e repaired, recycled, and composted.
• ~~~:~e~2~~;:eiSt:::~~a~~ris s~;rc~i:~:~ti~y~~ems that place ~ispos~ld ~~ rcsponsi . . . ard mana ement service provider, whether gov- t or private contractor, IS man a d I’
~;::::e~early la~eled antd ctohnaVte:~~;:~rtIOp~~t~!sst~~~g;ei~;~~:~:St:~~ ma:~I~;1 RESOURCE USE As the world populatlOn an g f tho . creasing demand on the remaillinJ.l I ‘s finit sources-hke petro eum anof the p anet s im e re . 1 di t the depletion or these ‘. h . d I l’ and in some cases, extmctlOn. F e 3 from the 1972 00, e ‘ . I growth ~rom 1900 to 21.00. N~~ whXe resourc~s are depleted. This projc tion in 1970. tate or rh ‘ Wol’id
1900 2000 2]00
Figure 3 Relationship between population and resouces.
GREENHOUSE GAS AND OTHER POLLUTION Table 1 shows the reductions in energy use, air pollution, water pollutio n, I II I II “I Table 1, which was created by the United States Environmental Proux Iii III The Zero Waste approach to managing resources considers the Earth’s 111’1.\ ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT
Today, whether it’s your home, your business, or your community, there arc h.1 I. Table 1 Pollution, Energy, and Waste Reductions with Recycling
Aluminum Steel Paper (,Ii Energy Use 90-97% 47-74% 23-74% .t1 I’ 1111 ,II ‘,\111 )/ II. 1,lIdl’d 111111 ‘11111. “‘llll”1l1l ‘111 -I HI 11111111,1. ‘tllHlli. – (111’.11 ‘,1111, ()I UI str am I I”.v ‘Illi )11I I’ grams in I rdc III G Ilowing:
• I n Production the product, the profit, and the planet (triple bottom line). Factory manag I’S ill” • Product Redesign profit) are exceeded, the product needs to be redesigned. In our energy-con ious • Product Stewardship is the right thing to do for the planet. In the past, product stewar~shlp ‘::1S Downstream recovery programs focus on capturing commodities at the poi nI • Reuse materials should be handled through box truck collection and drop-off • Composting compostable organics is the basic way of handling organic discards. • All containers and paper products must be recycled. These containers include • Resource recovery parks are the new transfer stations where commodity clusters MARKET CATEGORIES
All discards can be sorted into the following 12 market categories. by community. Figure 4 is a typical composition of these market categones III (I Note: t ialjo] LIi.- I,> Is rganlc MII/I’iI,,1 ,””/(fI!J/(J jl)r C:()l/If)()S(/II.~
Reuse Polymers 4% 2%
Plant Debris Figure 4 Market categories.
The following are the twelve market categories: recycling. problematic because of lead based paint. value. 10. Metal i~dudes ferrous magnetic metals like steel and iron and nonk-u, III 11.Textiles are reusable but in a class of their own and include cloth .uu] 12. Chemicals are hazardous when disposed of but can by recycled {Ol I111 ~ach of the materials in the~e categories has a positive monetary value. (:11’1111 MAS R A Sl nd distan inv lvc I iI r moval and th saving and pra ti 31 us’ or I”sour’s Based on practical experience in marketing commodities, in a Zero WnSI’ in size. polymers). The comingled four commodities can be sorted with magnets and Ira nd The organic cart should be green and can collect food, vegetative debris, Discarded items, sometimes called bulky waste or items set out for charily Transfer stations and landfills need to be converted to resource recov .ry CLUSTERS AND FACILITIES
Table 2 shows the facilities needed for each cluster. unloading area, baler, and loading dock are necessary. in comingled containers and papers and with magnets, lasers, blowers, and hand Compostable materials need land for grinding the materials, trorn 111l’1 T bl Commodl y nd Job of I w Facilties
—-~.——–.- Market PriceRecyclables: Construction nd M rket Categories Jobs Tons per Year $IT (est.)containers made Papers, plastic, glass and metal contain- Demolition (C and D): Organics: asphalt, brick, I nd 2. Paper 65 370,000 20 letative debris, food paper, putrescibles, untreated wood mixed construction 4. Putrescibles 85 190,000 7 :lucts: Reuse & Repair: and Grinding) 7. Soils 20 10,000 7 :oys, tools, reconditioning, remanufacturing, Used motor oil, paint, 9. Glass 75 30,000 10 Total 2,055 1,000,000soils other used building materials Construction and Demolition (C and D) material can be as much ,I’ Toxic materials need to be taken back to manufacturers or collected and REVENUE AND JOBS FROM DISCARDS
To estimate the value of discards, take the annual tons disposed of at the landfi II Once the annual amounts of materials discarded by category are calculated, There is a collection and processing cost for discards, but when compared to t I V lu 15,400,000 700,000 30,000
320,000 2,400,000 11,000,00 30,000 47,030,000
The Washington, D.C. based Institute for Local Self Reliance has calculated Table 3 shows the value of commodities in terms of revenue and job rc RESIDUALS
After all the commodities are recovery, less than 10% of discards remain and arc Residuals also include composite packaging material, wrappers, and legacy Table 2
Construction and Demolition (C and D) material can be as much .1. Toxic materials need to be taken back to manufacturers or collected .uu] Clusters
Recyclables: Organics: Reused Products: Special Discards: Facilties Recyclables: Organics: Reuse & Repair: Construction nd Rock, soils, con r I., Regulated Materials: REVENUE AND JOBS FROM DISCARDS To estimate the value of discards, take the annual tons disposed of at the landlill Once the annual amounts of materials discarded by category are calculated, There is a collection and processing cost for discards, but when compared Ii I , II Commodl y tlm
M rk t Pri 1. Reuse 350 28,000 5 0 10. Polymers 1,020 110,000 100 Total 2,055 1,000,000
The Washington, D.C. based Institute for Local Self Rcli.u« ( Table 3 shows the value of commodities in terms of f(‘v(‘111 RESIDUALS After all the commodities are recovery, less than 10% of disr.ud: I Residuals also include composite packaging material, wl”‘PI SUMMARY
The elements of a Zero Waste system in Iud:
1. Producers taking responsibility for the impact of ih ir produ L ( n 111. t’lll’l 2. Producers designing products for the environment. nor toxic discharges. C and D materials unless there is a plan to take back where no r(‘cyl 1111, 8. Tax rules changing so that resources, not labor, are taxed. he Phantom Solid W
-1 BACKGROUND
‘I’ll ityManageroftheCityofPhanloml,.IN.11 Ilrrn detailing the possible options for (urrher: It’ Landfill, which is presently receiving all )r I’ll, y ar X + 3 when the present contract xpircs. ‘1’111 In addition, the state has passed III’W I(‘/II fwaste being landfilled by 50% in X -I . yC,II, waste (MSW) are estimated first. Unfortun.ur-l The second task involves designing ,III 11111’11 1. Recycling and composting fa iliti ‘S electricity that will be bought by Ih” 3. Sanitary landfill
You have decided that your report should I Chapter 1 Sources, Composition, and ()lli
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL #651 8
retailers in December 2006. An initial list of potential take-ba k r l( llcrs W.I IIIIII I
ated using local chamber of commerce and telephone directori s. As pari 01 111111
ing with each retailer and discussing the take-back program, ea h retail ‘I’ W,lH HI I
battery and fluorescent tube collection containers. The size and 1111 m I (‘I III III
containers given to each retailer was contingent upon the size of th rctalh-i Will,
full implementation 354 retail locations accept batteries and 111. r 1
gram as a free and voluntary program to the local retailers. While many 11’1,\ I I
signed up for the program, the large national and international chains wouh] 11111
participate. This created an undue burden on those retailers who had “1\”‘1 II III
participate. It was also very difficult to advertise the program to the puhlh III
advertising program was based on the premise that you could return y01l1’old 11.11
teries and fluorescent tubes to any retailer who sold them.
March 2008. The ordinance requires retailers to take back batteries and nIiOIC’IHIIII
tubes from the public under the following three scenarios:
amount equal to number of batteries and fluorescent tub S 1111111
purchased) .
or fluorescent tubes (maximum amount limited to the number of ba III I”
and fluorescent tubes previously purchased).
to 15 batteries and 8 fluorescent tubes per week).
month of adopting the ordinance, all the retailers who had previously r filiII’ll III
participate in the program were now participating.
One of the major obstacles we still face in waste management is that waste pill ,
lerns only become visible at the end of the pipe. Only if the waste is not colh« IIII
at our home or if littered trash is visible do we realize that there is obviouslv II
problem. Our society has much of an “out of sight out of mind” attitude. M,lIIVIII
the waste reduction initiatives start, therefore, at the end of the life cycle. HOWl VI I
upstream measures must be considered more seriously in the future, as WoIlll ~
are also produced during mining and production. The contribution of refuse .11111
recycled fractions only accounts for about 14% of the entire wastes produced 111111I
different sectors in OECD countries.”
I
I
I
I
(treatment and final 01-1—1..-1 CI’l
CONSUMPTION I-~~—~:.-.—–i–I ~
(and distribution) ~
Figure 9-4 Scheme defining the integrated waste management (IWM) system and
representing the relevant material flows, after Winzeler et al.”
tors of societal activities. A diagram of integrated waste management (IWM) is
shown in Figure 9-4.
ties.” although diversity and quantities are rapidly increasing in some develoj ing
ountries. Moreover, the different waste fraction quantities differ considerably.
try. Nevertheless, the approaches we have laid out in this textbook are generally
valid and of use for the waste management engineer in the context of differ ‘Ill
waste management systems. As specific needs of the local population can be
unique, bottom-up approaches can be very valuable for further developing waste
management practices that fit the society. If successful, they will find further
imitators worldwide.
Management. Over the last two decades a new approach and understancl ing
of solid waste management has been advocated by various groups. Crassroots
movements introduced the zero waste approach, which was dismissed by lhe
established waste management industry. However, those who supported zero
waste continued to advocate for this approach. At one conference, lapel buttons
were handed out that said, “If you are not for zero waste, how much waste are
you for?” There was a blank line, and then you could write in a number. By 2015,
many of those established groups were including zero waste in their discussion.
A description of the zero waste approach is given in the appendix at the end of’
this chapter. Such an approach also calls on lifestyle changes for everyone in till:
society, independent of social status, education, income, or race.
A different approach [Tom int grai d wast n l1nd em ‘nt is llllc$:/”{/t(‘(/ “(‘Sf)/I/’j jl 1/1,1/,
agement (IRM). Instead oflooking at the end-of-th piJ (w sl ‘),011′ would nt 111111
the front of the process. There is a paradigm chang that fo LISs n inrrc \, “I 1111
resources’ efficiency over the entire life cycle. This approach is not pri rn: rlI 1111111II
at a diversion of waste from the landfill, but at a reduction of the mal rinls i 111″1111\
This approach puts more emphasize on the design of a product. As a cons”Ii’111111
products will be designed so that there will be less waste at the end 01 tlH’ I I, III
the product.
The European Union aims to limit the use of hazardous substances in new Willi It
designs and also to design vehicles that facilitate reuse and recycling at till’ (‘Ildot
their life. Those automobile parts that cannot be reused or recycled ar slllt’!!d, II
in order to obtain different metal fractions for mechanical separation. $Cp.II,1I11111
continues until it is no longer economical to recover and recycle the marcri.il 1111
EU target for materials recycling at the end of the life of a car is 85%.
cal issues often override successful engineering. This 550,000-ton-per-y Ill’ III III
waste materials recovery facility (dirty MRF) was built as a result of an agl’l'(‘1I111I1
between a private company and the County of San Diego. When it W(‘111111′”
operation, it met all of its performance requirements. Local communities, h()WIv I
rather than send their municipal solid waste to the facility, elected to expo It IIi II
waste to remote landfills owned by their local haulers. Without sufficient w,llll, III
the MRF, the county closed the facility after less than two years of opera Iion.’ 1111
county’s inability or failure to control the solid waste stream was the prin ill,lIl1 ,I
son why the plant closed. Restrictions or directives by local government Ih:1III 11II
in waste being transported only to designated facilities for handling, treaLIlH’III,III
disposal are generally referred to as flow control.
direct MSW generated in a jurisdiction, and the second is to prevent waste 1′,1’111I
ated outside your jurisdiction from entering a jurisdiction. For example, ,I 1I1I”
county may want to build a solid waste landfill for waste generated in the (tJ 1111
but does not want to accept waste from outside the county. This example raiSI”jI\ II
legal issues that the U.S. Supreme Court has addressed in several decisions.
authority to direct waste to a particular disposal or processing facility. At SIal”, I I
locality’s ability to finance a solid waste disposal facility. For example, a wasil’ “I
energy facility might cost $200 million, and this represents a large investnu-ru II
the community. Before such a facility can be financed, the waste-to-energy 1.\11111
owner must obtain “put-or-pay” garbage commitments from participating 111111
munities who agree to send their solid waste to that facility or pay if the W.I’II I
not delivered. Such agreements provide the security to the bond holders Ih.11III
facility will be able to pay the projected debt service during the life of the h01111
111/\ I rh: t H local ()I’dIIHIIH’l’ I 1″ lil1l-1 hauler 10 d ,I WI’ wnsrc 10. I( WIl-Sdl'(‘ICI
I’ vntcly own d rn ilil run afoul of th :0111111(‘”‘~\ ;Inus \ thc t l.S, nstltut: in,
wl: I I r hibits stat end 10,11 gislati n favorlng crtain privet businesses over
IHII-O(-st( t omp titors.
W,IH-l . !\ community could enter into franchise agreement with a private hauler
Ill’ th ollection of solid waste. As part of the franchise agreement, tile 0111-
1111111ity could include the ability to direct solid waste to a specific facility. The
(‘ nd option is to replace the private collector system in the community with a
III as long as five years to implement. Thus, municipalities have been looking [0
: ngress for relief but have not yet received it.
(/”‘i/:ed Haulers Association v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management AULhorUy,
I 1:0 U.S. 330 (2007) by a 6-3 margin, the justices made a distinction between now
I Iicy considerations required treating public and private entities differently, the
m jority opinion said. “It is not the Office of the Commerce Clause to control ih ‘
I .cision of the voters on whether government or the private sector should provide
loes not discriminate against interstate commerce where all private companies-
I cal, in-state, and out-of-state-are treated exactly the same.
lng a jurisdiction. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of New lersey
unlawfully discriminated against interstate commerce by banning the disposal or
States and localities get into trouble when they attempt disposal bans that
or that impose higher fees on local disposal of waste generated elsewhere. Private
facilities that challenge such regulations in court are likely to be successful becaus \
government officials can rarely, if ever, prove that the risks and hazards from
non local wastes are worse than from wastes generated locally. See, for example,
Chemical Waste Management v. Hunt, 504 U.S. 334 (1992); BPI Medical Waste
ystems v. Whatcom County, 983 F.2d 911 (9th Cir. 1993). The practical implica-
states. In 2013, 23% of the waste disposed of in Michigan came from out of stat .
In fact, 17% of all waste disposed of in Michigan came from Canada as allowed
for under the North American Free Trade Agreement. Michigan landfills have only
28 years of remaining capacity, which is being used up by waste generated out or
state. Consider the dilemma that a local recycling coordinator in Michigan must
face trying to implement a recycling program to preserve landfill space when 23%
of the waste is coming from out of state. However, a locality or public authority
that seeks to forbid the disposal of non local wastes at its own facilities may do
so. Government, acting as a private entrepreneur-that is, participating in the
market-may choose its customers without creating any Commerce Clause issues.
Red River Service Corp. v. City of Minot, 146 F.3d 583 (8th Cir. 1998).
AND OPERATION
question is whether this service should be provided by private haul rs 01′ tHIIll1e
employees. The private garbage company will claim it is more efficient, I SS W,I!.I.
ful, and more motivated. The public sector will claim it is less costly becaus ‘ it 1),1\
no tax and does not make a profit is more responsive to the public. and provul.
a living wage for its employees. There is some truth to both claims. In the I lI.d
analysis, the municipality should consider cost, liability, and control wh n (I ‘\ Iii
ing on privatizing a solid waste system.’
against the private companies. This approach is referred to as competitive SI’I JI/’,
delivery. Unlike privatization, which turns the function over to the private S,’Itill
under competitive service delivery the public sector is allowed to compet [“01 till
project.”
difficult to implement. For example, once the public entity loses its collection “\
tern, it is almost impossible to get back into the business. The infrastructur IH'”
sary to provide the service-such as the personnel, equipment and mainrcu.uu ,
facilities-will no longer be available. Unlike private companies, govenuueut
rules such as civil service and competitive procurement prevent local governuu-ut
from rapidly obtaining the resources necessary to provide collection services III
addition, public entities are subject to open-record requirements. Thus, the pi iV,ill
companies bidding against a municipality may be able to view historical fin.IIIlI,1I
data prior to bidding.
purchase each other, the number of viable competitors continues to dccrc.v«
This has been described as the monopolization of solid waste through 111(”1′,\’1
and acquisitions.” With this approach, companies can achieve vertical integratlvu
whereby the company controls not only the collection of the waste but ,d’\I
the transfer operation, the landfill, and the recycling operation. This decrease III
competition may lead to an increase in costs for collection services.
A landfill provides an essential public health function and is needed by (‘ I 1\
municipality. The public perception based on such well-publicized incident- II
“the garbage barge” is that there is a landfill shortage. At the time of the “gall 1.1/11
barge” incident. there was fear that landfill costs would soon exceed $100 pc: 11111
In reality, no such shortage existed, and landfill prices dropped.
own rates, it can restrict the flow of MSW to the landfill, it can direct flow to till
landfill, and it can decide on the level of service to be provided. On the other 1),11111
a private landfill is free to compete in the open market and must offer cornpct it \,
I uhl] I own’ I I.llldl II ( 111l1,l(I I our. ‘I’ll, .illow Ilw 10 al ommunlt In OWIl
1111imp irtant ass ‘I while n hlcvin the bell ‘filS of’ ornp titi n r. I” the I .rntinn.
,
II’a municipality does decide to contract with a private company for solid wnsrr
ervi es. it will likely use a competitive bidding process to select the company. Till’
lty’s I vel of solid waste service and terms and conditions for the contra Lor 1’1″,11
rhis agreement are described. While every RFP by its very nature is different. thcr ,
nr common elements that should be included. Those elements are describ .d here.
‘I’h municipality must describe in detail the service included in the RFP. An ix.un
I I might be weekly curbside garbage collection of 12,000 residential custom ‘I,
with up to six 32-gallon cans of MSW per customer. This description spe ifics IIH’
r. llowing:
• Location of collection-curbside
• Material collected-refuse
• Number of customers-12,000
• Type of customer-residential
• Quantity of material-up to six 32-gallon cans
• Container provider-customer
spelled out in the RFP.
In addition to the basic service to be provided, the municipality can include o[lIcl
options that mayor may not be part of the proposal. For example, a municip: lily
may request that the company bill the customer directly, or the municipality m,IY
instead include the refuse collection bill with the water and sewer charges.
The cost of providing the requested service is directly related to the term (If
the agreement. Start-up costs and capital costs are amortized over the life or Ihr
agreement. Usually seven years is the minimum amount of time needed to fully
amortize equipment. Thus, the longer the term of the agreement. the lower lilt’
annual cost.
Every RFP must specify how the proposer is to provide the cost information. Some
RFPs ask for a very detailed breakdown of costs, while others ask only for the IIHid
agreement sh III I b sp iflcd.
The RFP typically requires the proposer to provid a d tail I I S ‘!’iPlloll III II!
resources being provided. For example, the number and typ r tru 1<11Ill' 1'1 I'I!I
vided helps the municipality compare the proposals. In addition, I~FPs11).1 "'1"11
the names and resumes of the key personnel who will be assign d 10 1111' (11111 I I
A classic example of needing to know this information was a proj I ill Pintid, III
which a private company was to assume the operation of a waste-to-en 'l'f.I 1'1 I" "
One company proposed a plant manager who was currently und r in li( 1111,"1 '''1
violating an order of the fire marshal at the waste-to-energy plant that he W,I' I tll
rently operating.
An RFP usually includes a requirement that the proposer include a J iSI of H III I I
projects and references. This allows the selecting agency to determ inil’ 1111′ I””
poser is qualified to provide the required service.
Proposers are asked to provide a list of violations and judgments agains l llll’ I “III
pany and its officers. This information is used by the municipality to cI l~’1 1111111 II
the company meets its standard for contracting. For example, if the cornp.uu 11,1
defaulted on its last three municipal contracts or if the corporate officers II;! VI’ I” I 1\
convicted of bribing local officials, the company would probably not b :;(’11’1 II II
for your contract. A record of past problems and poor performance may Iw ‘itlil
cient reason for rejection. For example, the County of San Luis Obispo, (lil'”lli I
rejected a large national firm because of its past practices. After being rej CIl’d, 1111
firm appealed to the courts to overturn the decision but lost the appeal.
The municipality must be assured that the proposer has the financial Il’,\(11111
es to complete the project. Thus, financial data are requested as part 01 lit
RFP. Examples might be audited annual financial statements or the most 11’1I III
annual report.
A draft agreement should be included in the RFP.All proposers should be I’Cqllllll1
to comment on the draft agreement and put any objections in writing prio: III I
selection being made. Finalizing the agreement with the selected company will 1,\
easier if the objections are known prior to the selection.
Most municipalities have a set of standard terms and conditions that are in. 111.11II
in all RFPs, For example, the municipality has the right to reject all proposals, ,11111
the municipality will not reimburse any of the proposers for the cost of prcp.uln
their proposal.
instead to negotiate an extension with the existing hauler or service provider. II III
1(‘ \lrgllcd th: I 111(‘ 111111111 II tilly will save 1\111’ \lId 111011 ‘Y I y nOI !0 II through \
\,1′ II II PI’ ‘S,
I. 11 t Iways true. For example, a city in California de ided not t g through
\ s I ti n but instead to enter into a new IS-year agreement with th xisting
lmul r. However, the opponents to this approach were successful in gelling enough
,igll lures to place an initiative on the ballot to require a competitive bid ..’I’!lis
nill live became the most expensive election in the history of the city. The exrsuni
rh proponents of competitive bidding spent $352,547.10 In the end, the initiaiiv ‘.
w defeated, and the city entered into a IS-year agreement with the haul r as
originally planned.
If a municipality decides to contract for solid waste services, an agreement r C{/II
tract will be required. Some agreements are as simple as several pages, while oth ‘1/1
r quire hundreds of pages. The agreement may be referred to as a service agreelllt’ll/,
franchise agreement, or contract and may be either exclusi~e or nonexc.’usive. I”. all
Typically, residential garbage service is an exclusive service, because a muni ipal-
ity only wants the contracted company providing the service. In other cases (SLIII
as recycling) the agreement may be exclusive under certain circumstances bUI
not under others. For example, the following is a section from the city of Arroyo
The Agreement for the Collection, processing and marketing of Recyclable
Materials granted to Contractor shall be exclusive except as to the following
categories of Recyclable Materials listed in this Section. The granting of this
Agreement shall not preclude the categories of Recyclable Materials listed
below from being delivered to and Collected and transported by others
provided that nothing in this Agreement is intended to or shall be construed
to excuse any person from obtaining any authorization from City which is
otherwise required by law:
A. Recyclable Materials separated from Solid Waste by the Waste Generator
collector in a manner resulting in a net payment to the Waste Generator
for such Recyclingor related services;
nonprofit organization;
transported by the owner or occupant of such Premises (or by his/her
full-time employee) to a Facility;
separate solid waste and recycling services; and,
beside Contractor to Collect any or all types of the Recyclable Materials listed
in this Section 4.2, without seeking or obtaining approval of Contractor under
this Agreement.
Materialsshall be inter] r t c1to b I1SiSlnt wlih NlnlC,I1dr(‘d~’I’nll,lWN,JlIIW
and during the term oftbe Agreement,and th s p or this Agrc’1IIl’III111111
be limited by current and developing state and federal laws with I’ Wild 10
RecyclableMaterialshandling, RecyclableMaterials flow corur I, and 1′(‘1.111’11
doctrines. In the event that future interpretations of current Jaw, naCllIlI’ll(
or developing legal trends limit the ability of the City to lawfullyprovidr 101
the scope of servicesas specificallyset forth herein, Contractor agrc ‘S 111,1t
the scope of the Agreementwill be limited to those servicesand mat ri,ll,
which may be lawfullyprovided for under this Agreement,and that Ihe :11
shall not be responsible for any lost profits and/or damages claim d by Ill\’
Contractor as a result of changes in law.
will require that a franchise fee be paid by the waste hauler. This fee is ill ,lIldl
tion to the cost incurred by the selected company to provide the spe ificd SI’I III
Franchise fees may be as little as 1 or 2% or in excess of 20%. In some aSl’li, 110
franchise fee is used to support related activities (such as recycling centers) willi,
in other cases, the fee goes to the general fund of the municipality.
owned. In either case, the owner must minimize cost at a given level of sri VIII
Because solid waste facilities are most often long-term investments, the time v.ilru
of money is important, and engineering economics plays a major role in til’, Iii
ing what kind of facility will be constructed. Funding of solid waste opera: illil
is similar to funding other utilities, such as water and sewerage services. Bud’~1 I
consist of two general components: revenues and costs. Depending on the SIH’II
ics of the solid waste system, such as ownership and contractual arrangemen IS,1III
complexity of the financial system can vary. Some systems are complex and rcqu III
financial experts, while others may require only a simple accounting system.
When the home or business pays its monthly garbage bill, these funds provide IIII
revenue to cover the costs of the operation. Other sources of revenue are tippllI)\
fees at the landfill, the sale of recyclables, and the sale of electricity from a landl III
gas turbine or waste-to-energy plant. In a publicly owned system, the revcmu
should equal the cost. In a privately owned system, the revenue should exceed 1111′
cost, resulting in a profit.
today does not have the same value as a dollar a year from now. Ignoring inflarion
for now, a dollar today can be invested in an interest-bearing account and a y(,,11
from now will be worth a dollar plus the interest earned. Thus, a dollar today alld
a dollar a year from now cannot be added to get two dollars. They are as differcm
as apples and oranges.
Such a cost is known as a capital cost and is a one-time investment. Capital cost:
are paid from the proceeds of bank loans, general obligation bonds, and revenue
f \1’1:11.uu Ie The 1(‘1’11101 III ‘ 101111is sho: ( ‘I I11II11III I II~’ )1’111: I I’ll 1<.'l'he 111'1\",1
r.uc 011Ih I n is bas' Ion the risk the lcudt-r Jl'1 .lvcs < ud III ludcs SLIh Villi
.rhlcs (S th exist nor" rr n his agr .m .nt all t th n l w rth a th ompnny.
Municipal government can also use revenue bonds to finance capital prOJCIS,
by a revenue bond, and the revenue from the landfill (such as tipping fees) WOI II I
I ‘used to payoff the bond. Unlike a general obligation bond, these bon Is have
m re risk because only the project revenue is pledged-not the full faith and I’edil
I’ the municipal government. Thus, these bonds have a higher interes.l rate :\11 I
and thus, the rates are lower than normal bank loans.
n cess revenue bond financing through government. This allows a private COllI
pany to own the capital project while at the same time use tax-exempt fin(1Il(~ing
nd receive a low interest rate. In addition, the private company can deprc 1,11l’
LIing these bonds. The companies may also receive accelerated deprec~ali.on 1I11d
investment tax credits for the project. In 1984, the federal government limited Ill(‘
mount of private projects that could be financed using the tax-exempt bonds:
ost housing, for this limited amount of funding.
facilities (such as solid waste collection and disposal operations) can be tricky,
Economists and engineers use two techniques to “normalize” the dollars so rluu ”
true estimate of the cost of multiyear investment can be calculated. The first Iceil
nique is to compare the costs of alternatives on the basis of annual cost, while tll(‘
econd calculates present worth. Both include the capital cost plus the O&M cosr.
The capital costs of competing facilities can be estimated by calculating th ‘ (‘(lst
that the municipality or agency would incur if it were to pay interest on a 10,111
of that amount. Calculating the annual cost of a capital investment is exactly Iii \’
calculating the annual cost of a mortgage on a house. The owner [municipnliry
or agency) borrows the money and then has to pay it back in a number of (‘(jII,11
installments.
2 0.54639 1.830 0.48514
3 0.37497 2.666 0.31372
4 0.28941 3.455 0.22816
5 0.23820 4.198 0.17695
6 0.20416 4.898 0.14219
7 0.17993 5.557 0.11868
8 0.16183 6.179 0.10058
9 0.14782 6.764 0.08657
11 0.12760 7.836 0.06635
12 0.12009 8.326 0.05884
13 0.11378 8.788 0.05253
14 0.10841 9.223 0.04716
15 0.10380 9.633 0.04255
ments at an interest rate of i, each installment can be calculated as
i(l + i)n ]¥= X
where
i = annual interest rate, as a fraction
n = number of installments
X = the amount borrowed, $
i(1 + i)” ]
is known as the capital recovery factor or CRF. The capital recovery factor dot- 11111
have to be calculated, since it can be found in interest tables or is programmed 111111
hand-held calculators. Table 9-1 shows the capital recovery factors if the i1111’11 II
is 6.125%.
life of 10 years. It wants to borrow the $150,000 cost of the truck and
pay this back in 10 annual payments. The interest rate is 6.125%. How
much are the annual installments on this capital expense?
The annual cost to the town waul th n b 0.13667 X $150,000
$20,500. That is, the town would hay to pay $20,500 each year f r
10 years to pay back the loan on this truck. Note that this truck do
not cost 10 X $20,500 = $205,000, because the dollars for each y
are different and cannot be added.
An alternative method for estimating the actual cost of a capital investment is 10
figure present worth: how much one would have to invest right now, Y doll: I’M,
at some interest rate i so that one could have available X dollars every year lor ”
Y ars. This method is
where
i = annual interest rate
n = number of years
X = amount available every year, $
Thus, the money required is 7.316 X $20,500 = $150,000.
In some situations, the municipality or agency must save money by inv SLing ir so
that at some later date a specified sum of the money would b available. In solid
waste engineering, this most often occurs when the landfill own r mLiSI invest
are sufficient funds l pia – the final over II 111 • lall IIi/I. ‘LI II funds (1n’IIIII\ II
as sinking funds. It is necessary to calculate the Iun Is Y n ssary I b’ iIIY(‘ II Ii III
an account that draws i percent interest so that at the end of n ycr rs t 11 ‘ 1’1II1I1 II I
X dollars in it. The calculation is
and the term
is known as the sinking fund factor (SFF).
and the required annual investment is therefore 0.07452 X $500,000
== $37,260.
ably less than $500,000. The reason is that the investments durinCJ
the early years are drawing interest and adding to the sum availabl \
Capital investments require not only the payment of the loan in regular ill’/I.III
merits but also the upkeep and repair of the facility. The total cost to the ((llllill”
nity is the sum of the annual payback of the capital cost plus the operarim. ,11111
maintenance cost.
expected life of 10 years and costs $150,000. It chooses to pay bacl
the loan in 10 annual installments at an interest rate of 6.125%. The-
cost of operating the truck (gas, oil, service) is $20,000 per year. How
much will this vehicle cost the community every year?
th annual cost of the capital inv m I 1 0.13667 x $1 0,000
$20,500. The operating cost is $20,00 , so the total annual cost to
the community is $20,500 + $20,000 = $40,500.
)11 f the main uses of engineering economics is to fund the lowest-cost so.llI
, Ilia Ily well to alternative vehicles, and the annual costs (capital plus O&M) a 11
h ornpared.
community can purchase another truck that costs $2?0,000 initially
but has a lower O&M cost of $12,000. Which truck will be the most
economical for the community?
$27,300. Adding the O&M cost of $12,000, the total annual cost to
the community is $39,300. Comparing this to the total cost calculated
in Example 9-4, it appears that the $200,000 truck is actually less
expensive for the community to own and operate.
identification of a new type of pollutant, commonly called a hazardous substance.
The reported incidence of damage to the environment and to p~op~e by ~hes\’
materials has increased markedly in the last few years. The EPA mamtains a list 01
such incidents, and some of the better documented ones have been published. I I
a clear definition is necessary if specialized disposal standards are to be ap~1 il’t! II I
such materials. A legal definition” of a hazardous waste suggested by the I~P;\IS
or semi-solid form which because of its quantity, concentration, or phYSI-
cal chemical, or infectious characteristics, may (1) cause or significantly
contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible or
hazard to blll11al: h alth r th .nvironrn ru wh -n 11111r pcrly 1I'(‘fll~’d,,lilll’d,
transported or disposed of. or otherwis manag d.
to ~se a set of criteria against which the properties of the mat ri, I ill (jIll’ I 1111 I
?e J,udged. The EPA has defin:d hazardous materials in two ways: (I) Ill(‘ lit. IIlh
IS ltsted. as a hazardous material. or (2) the material fails one of six tcst, ill.I’ ill I
defin~ It as a hazardous material. The listing includes speci 6 ch IIIie,till ‘1111It
010rmated pesticides, organic solvents, and over 50,000 others. The PI'()(I’ II
~s generally that the EPA lists the material and then waits for a ha II(‘111\1’1111111I
m~:rested party. If the interested party conducts tests that show th 1ll.111’11Ii III
~allmg. any of the six tests, it is delisted, making it possible to dispose r 1111’III II I
m ordmary landfills. All listed materials must go to specially constru tcd 11,1/,11.11II
~aste landfills or other treatment centers at many times the cost of n 1111,1″.11111111
disposal.
permissible concentration levels as set by the Nuclear Regulatory Com 1111,Nil ItI
hydrocarbon pesticides. •
test for how easily a certam substance will catch fire and sustain combusth ill
contact WIth water.
at which 50% of the test species (e.g., rats) die when exposed to th(‘ I III till
cal through a rou~e other than respiration. Inhalation and dermal to 1111\ t
~ext, where LCso .IS the lethal concentration resulting in 50% monulltv 1111
mg a.n .expo~ure ume of 4 hr. Dermal irritation is measured on a Fedcr.rl 11111
Administration scale of 1 to 10. A grade 8 irritant causes necrosis 01 lit. II I
wh~n ~ 1~/osolution is applied. Aquatic toxicity is measured by the % II I11II I
toxic ~Imlt .o~ le.ss than 1000 mg/liter, although the present EPA critcuou I I
aquatic to~Clty I~ set ~t 500 ppm.” Phytotoxicity is the ability to cause flill III
ous or tO~IC reactions ~n p.lants based on the mean inhibitory limit of 1000 PIIIII
or less. Smce the publication of these criteria, the EPA has lowered its dellil 111111
of phytotoxic poisons to 100 ppm.
sured by tests developed by the National Cancer Institute.
quantity of the material is not specified. This is unreasonable when dl:II'”_ tl
schemes are to be evaluated.
(at any quantity] IS destruction and conversion to nonhazardous substanu-, III
~~ny cases, however, ~his is. either .expensive (e.g., dilute heavy metal ,II1d III
ticide wastes) or technically impossible (e.g., some radioactive waste mil1\’II,1I I
\ \1 w;HHl’iH -tlwl’ tll’,\( , I ( 1 IIH In(‘l’:\(‘d,
1I,\’1.fll’c\OllSwast lan I “I, whi his lIS'(\ to I 1’0VI I’ om I l I ng-t I’m I rote IIOIl
II I l\1e q 1 lity of surfac and sub urf, wntcrs I’ 111hazardou w sr d P Sil d
1(1)1$,’I’ll hazardous waste landfill differs from the ordinary sanitary landfill,
pl’in arily in the degree of care taken to ensure minimal environmental ilT’,1a t.
:I( y liners, monitoring wells, and groundwater barriers are some of the techn Iqu~s
I’Onm nt. It should be noted that just as is the case with aboveground storage, su h
\.111lfills are usually not strictly disposal schemes, but rather holding operations,
‘I’I’LI disposal is still willed to future generations.
The EPA defines environmental justice as the fair treatment and meaningful
Involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or incorn wi Ih
r pect to the development implementation, and enforcement of e~~ironm ntal
laws, regulations, and policies. EPA has set this goal for all commumtles a.n II r
s ns across the United States. The goal will be achieved when everyone enjoys th .
arne degree of protection from environmental and health hazards a~d has equal
(cess to the decision-making process in the quest for a healthy envlronmen tin
In the solid waste field, the issue of environmental justice is an important
landfills, transfer stations, and equipment yards. For example, in 2008, Californi;t
adopted Senate Bill 826, which required the adoption of ~tate. minimu~11 st. 11
dards to identify and mitigate environmental justice impacts 10 d~sprop~rtlOnat~’ly
affected communities in which solid waste facilities are located, including provid
ing advance notice regarding permitting or enforcement and specified mitigat ion
Laws, such as the one passed in California, are needed because of a history or
of action to promote environmental justice, the continued need for new faClIIII(‘S
could exacerbate this environmental injustice. I? In one classic case of taking advan
tage of less-advantaged people, the town council of Chapel Hill, North Car liuu,
made a solemn promise to a minority neighborhood that as soon as the new liln~1
fill to be sited near their homes was full. the town would find another Iocanon In
another part of the county and turn the old landfill into a comn:unity parl~. ‘I’h .
landfill was finally closed 20 years later (at least 10 years after It was onglllally
supposed to have been capped). The new town administration claimed that Ihcs(‘
promises to the neighborhood were null and void because they had no legal ~lan I
ing. The members of the present council also argued that they personal~y d lei not
make these promises and therefore they should not be bound by promises maclr
The .”good old days” in solid waste rnanag III ‘ilL in lud .d OJ) n IlIII1P~ 111.11\ II
routinely set on fire. These dumps polluted the groundwr L 1′, I I’ vidcd IlO l.uulli]]
gas control, and had unsafe working conditions resulting in I1l1/11rous illillill
but all at low cost. While the public liked the low cost for garbag dispo, .il, 1111
were not aware of the many problems these practices caus I. The solid \. I I
engineer has been responsible for transforming the industry int a PI'()I\’S’IIIIIIIi
field ,:ith best practices. Today, open dumps have been replaced by sanir.u I.lild
fills WIth gas-control leachate collection systems. Garbage incinerators II,IVI III III
closed, and. modern waste-to-energy plants with state-of-the-art air polhlllllil
control ~qUlpment have replaced them. Collection has evolved from I lIll!III’ ,It
garbage into a can to a series of recycling bins, yard waste cans, and W.lNII 1111
containers. Household hazardous waste is managed separately from I’ fu:w \ 1111
all of these changes have been beneficial to society and the enviroru m-ru 110
have resulted in an increased cost to the public. Thus, on one hand, II\(” .dll
waste engineer is hailed for bringing improvements to solid waste man”!’.l’1I11 lit
on the other hand, the engineer is blamed for increasing the cost of sol id “’01 II!
management.
technology, regulations, and publ ic communications. These three areas it rl~1111III
three legs on a stool. Without all three the stool will fall over.
lan.d.fi.lI hners are bemg developed for different applications. Materials 11’1″ I’
fac~lltles are being ~eengineered to process different types of waste streams. 1\111″11
lution control equipment has become so extensive that it can be larger
tamm.g to solid waste management are issued by federal, state, regional, ,11111I”, II
agenoes. In many cases, regulations from various agencies conflict with e;t<11,,1" I
For example, landfills must have caps that restrict the infiltration of water illi" III
landfill, but at the same time, landfills must have gas extraction wells 111,11I' I
etrate the cap and could allow for the infiltration of surface water into the 1.ll1t/lill
neer ,?ust be able to communicate with the public and at the same time It”\,, lit
te~mcal and regulatory knowledge to develop effective solid waste SYSlCl1lS”tli
engineer cannot convey that information to the public, including such dl’l 1’111t
makers. as elected officials, then projects will not be implemented. For (,X.I” ‘I III
an engineer must be able to explain what it means when a health risk aSS(‘HI1IIIII
determines that the waste-to-energy plant results in a 37 in one million im u I I II
risk of cancer. 14
their very nature, are public facilities and services. The public will use 1111’111,
the~, and be af~ected by them. Because of the public nature of these faci IiIII”, .11 ”
services, the solid waste engineer cannot forget that it is the elected offiri.il-, \ IIt
represent the public. Thus, those decisions that impact the public are best m.uI, II
an informed elected official. More than one solid waste engineer has had ,I ’41’1ill
IIlgh m ral standards, and the law of the land. Given the choice, we all w~lIld
w.int LO live in a society where everyone agrees to abide by these cony nu ns
II’ use doing so benefits everyone. This argument is applicable to professi nal
(‘ngi neering as well. To help maintain a viable engineeri~g professio~, we sh .lIlt!
I -monstrate good professional manners ourselves, and If the occasion requir ‘S,
I1g ngineering on a high moral level and promote such behavior in oth rS.I\I\,1
I ility to uphold the honor of professional engineering and to create a culture w’
.111desire and in which we can all flourish.
I ” if we find that having bad manners, or acting immorally, or even breaking a law
Is advantageous to us individually, why should we (at any given moment) nOll/({
In a manner that we would not necessarily want others to emulate?
suffer the consequences. Bad manners would subject us to ridicule; immoral con-
duct might cause us to be ostracized by others, or we might lose clients and busi-
n ss; and, of course, breaking a law might result in a fine or jail time. But consid I’
now the possibility that we would not get caught and could not suffer any adverse
onsequences. Of course, we never know for sure that we will nO.t get caught. but
t nd it simply is impossible for us to get caught being ill-mannered, immoral, or
illegal. Why should we, all things considered, still act as honorable engineers, eSI ‘
ially if doing so might involve financial cost to us or in some other way cause us
First, we are all members of a larger community-in this case, the engin r-
that brings harm or discredit to this community cannot be beneficial to u.s Jl1 the
long run. Granted, the destruction of professional engineering may be far mto the
future, and our small antisocial act would not be enough to destroy the profes-
sion. But we (along with all our contemporaries) have an obligation to uphold
the integrity of the profession, eventually for our own good. Engineers should act
honorably because the profession depends on them to do so. ..
something out of us. There are circumstances where it clearly is better.to lie than
to tell the truth (such as saving an innocent life, for example), but all lies come at
a cost to the teller. IS There is, as it were, a reservoir of good in each human, and
this can be nibbled away one justified lie at a time until the person is incapable or
differentiating between lying and being truthful. This would also be true for bad
manners and illegal acts. Every time we get away with something, we reduce our
reduces our own standing as I r (“88iol1:118,
with it, is that eventually our conscience waul III l stand for it. W’ all hav ‘.1 1111\
science within us that tells us the difference betwe n right an I wr ng. Mo. I I Ii II
when we do antisocial things, know we are behaving badly and vcntuull 11’1\111
such actions.”
would this be an undesirable result? If an engineer ran an engin ‘rilll-\ 1’1,11Iii I
where she made it a habit to lie to clients, why is this detrimental? Why will 1″‘1 II
lies (lies that one continues to get away with) necessarily be a bad thing?
laws will eventually cause harm to themselves. They will lose clients, th ir UIIIIIIIII
will cause their works to fail, and they will have a bad conscience tha t will 1111.1111I
them. They will eventually think poorly of their own standing in the prok- 11111
and regret their self-serving actions that may have been ill-mannere I, inum u.r]
or illegal.
orably; we have a common responsibility to the professional engineering 111111
munity; we lose something of our own integrity when we behave badly; ,’11i1\
have a conscience. But what if, in the face of these arguments, we sti 1’1,III 11111
convinced? There appear to be no knock-down ethical arguments avail.ihh III
make us change the mind of a person set on behaving badly. We have the Illllll,ul
option to act in any way we wish. But if we have bad manners, act i rnnu u ,t! II
or break the laws, we are not behaving honorably, and eventually, we will I.
harmed by our regrets for acting in this manner. That is, such behavior will. tI \ ,”
result in harm to us as professional engineers.
crude, the Vikings had a very simple code of honor. Their goal was to liv« Ilu II
lives so that when they died, others would say “He was a good man.” ‘l’lu- d. II
nition of what they meant by a “good man” might be quite different hy 11111
temporary standards, but the principle is important. If we live our profcssruu.rl
engineering lives so as to uphold the exemplary values of engineering, the 1’,11,II
est professional honor any of us could receive would be to be remembered ,I I
good engineer.
80 years of experience in solid waste management between them, have llild ItI
share with you their collective knowledge. For some of you, the only future’ Illhl
waste practice will be taking out the garbage. If that is the case, at least YOII \ III
know that it does not just disappear when it goes into that truck. For othci ‘I, I1I1
introduction may lead to a career in some aspect of solid waste management 1111
those readers, your journey is just beginning.
“Alt rnativ M th Is for the Analysis
of Municipal Solid Waste.” Waste
Management and Research 4:155.
but Results May Not Be Black and White.”
1991. Wall Street Journal (28 February).
Harrison, S. Ranjithan. M. A. Barlaz,
and E. D. Brill. “Integrated Solid
Waste Management Using a Life-
Cycle Methodology for Considering
Cost, Energy, and Environmental
Emissions- 2. Illustrative Applications.”
Department of Civil Engineering, North
Carolina State University.
Polystyrene: A Complex Choice.”
Science 251, 1 (February).
California Mixed Waste Materials
Recovery Facility: Technological Success,
Political Failure. R’99 Recovery,
Recycling, Reintegration Proceeding,
Volume 1. Gallon, Switzerland: EMPA.
2000).
1991. Deloitte and Touche and R. W.
Beck (October 16).
Competitive Service Delivery. 1995.
Public Technology Ine.
‘No’ or Bambi Meets Godzilla.”
Proceedings WasteCon 1999. Solid Waste
Association of North America.
2000.
Management. New York: McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co.
Waste Management. Boca Raton, Fla:
Lewis Publishers.
Evans. 1994. J tazardou: WIISIItv/II
New York: McGraw-llill Puhll, III
Recovery Facility Boner Nil, t .
1989. Department of Solid W.I
Management, Dacle ounty, 1,’11
Malcome Pirnie (May),
and Private Life. N w York: P.111
Lawrence, Kans.: University 1>1i’1l,I
Jay S. Kaufman, St phcn W, MI
and A. J. Cravey. una ” Wr.dllt,
and Solid Waste Fa ili[i(’11III NI
Carolina.” Environrn ural l lc.r]
Perspectives. Septem b r 00’1,
Landfill: The Ramifications OJ’11
Broken Promise. Senior I ndCIh’1I
Study. Durham, N.e.: Duke
University Department of’ Civil
Environmental Engine ri Ill’,
Towards Sustainable Was/,e tv/I/I/II
in Municipal Solid Was/.e ‘i/’I’IIIIIII
ChI. Ludwig, S. Hellweg, S, Sill
Springer, 462-513.
2003. Practical Handbook oj’ fI/
Flow Analysis (Advanced M’lit
Resource & Waste Managcuu-:
K. Hungerbuhler, 2003. “1′:col(lH
Which Technologies Perform 11(‘/1
Municipal Solid Waste Mallll,\(I’IIII’i/
e. Ludwig, S. Hellweg, and S, SII
Springer, 350-404.
2003, “The Diversity or MUll\( I
Solid Waste,” in: Munici/lill Soli
Waste Management, Eels. C. lur]
Hellweg, and S. Stucki, SprilllW
Management
Zero Waste International Alliance
materials are resources. These resources have been manufactured from a raw ‘11.11
with energy and labor. In the cases of metal and oil they are irreplaceabJ . Thr V.tlil
of that energy and labor is still in the commodity, even after the user has dis :1111″1111
ing resources is against nature. In a Zero Waste system everything has a pl.I; I
before, during, and after use. There is no away. In the best-designed system, III
mantling or demanufacturing would be designed into the product. Th sv: Ii III
of extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal to incinerators or landf II wi II III
replaced with systems that capture the materials and recycle them into a (Ie 11111
loop system of reuse, repair, recycle/compost, and redesign. Raw materials will It.
used as reserves.
to cradle” design. The recognition that disposal by burning and landfill wi II 11′.11’1
a legacy of depletion and pollution for our children will provide the basis rOI III \
analysis and new rules. These new rules will recognize the right of future A(‘lll 1.\
tions to the planet’s resources and will discourage wasteful and polluting pra. III I
(www.zwia.org) has peer reviewed and approved of the following definitiou III
Zero Waste.
to guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustain
able natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to becouu:
resources for others to use.”
to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste alld
materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them.”
I’ if that ar < Ihl'(', I l I I n tary. hum, I, anlrnr I r pl: nl h alth.
nit Accordin to the USEPA, on a pound per pound baSIS the corn: ,\I,)\IV!
Impact 0 met ane on . . ., I’ ,
lioxid r a lOO-year period (see Chapter 7). In most California CIty S 1111.\\\
I XI e ove . . ., (t· en \1\(1
I th landfill is among the top three GH G-emlttmg entitles I a ”
methane hovering over the north and south poles of Earth.
“upstream” of wasted materials and energy for every 1 ton 0 murucrpa so (
Source: GISS, NASA.
solid waste, they also elirninat signif ant upstr “1111 wa ! ‘CJ Ill. I ‘rial. nd (’11(”1’
the equivalent of eliminating all auto exhaust in California (ErA wast AS~WSNllillll
Model). In 2011 California passed legislation establishing a 75% I’ du rlou f\II\I
and recommending to cities that source separation be required.
States, but, New Zealand and Japan were the first nations to come up with 11111
Waste campaigns. Today cities all over the world have adopted Z 1’0 W” ill
goals. These include San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Fresno, 0 ‘nll.~ldl
and San Luis Obispo and dozens more in California. Other cities around 1111
United States include Fort Collins, Colorado; Austin, Texas; and Chicago, 1111111 II
International examples include over 66% of New Zealand cities; Buen s Alii
Argentina; 400+ cities in Italy; Nagoya, Japan; and Vancouver, Canada.
tied into international management policies. Hundreds of businesses are :111111
ing 90% diversion from disposal at landfills and/or incinerators. New illll’lIl’
tional measurements are being developed by Quality Control Rating $(‘1 Vii I
(Underwriter Laboratories, UL). Today companies like Walmart, Toyota, SII II I
Nevada Brewery, Frito-Lay, Vons/Safeway. and hundreds of other have adopll II
sustainability plans that call for Zero Waste practices.
approach considers all discarded resources as commodities. Unwanted dis. .url
can be separated at the source, stored separately, separately collected, pro: ,’VII Ii
and sent to markets for reuse and recycling/composting. Ninety percent oj 11111
daily discards could be managed this way in a community collection program Iltl
handling of the residual (less than 10%) can be discussed in the public f01’l111I 1111
whether to require a product redesign or local ban.
The process of wasting resources is against nature. Therefore the ultimate opl III
is to control population and recycle resources to survive. Because the 1111111 III
species is driven to survive, the reasons and the answers can be seen in 11,111111
Where there are limits in materials and space, contradictions to the flow of’ 11,11111
are obvious.
The notion of Zero Waste is as much as a principle of survival for the hum.u I “I”
cies as it is a matter of fact in nature. A close examination of natural systems 1″\ I ,II
11m!IlIl’l” Is WI IIII WII II 1111.\1 II rc, ,vI I ‘”I ‘” f 1 II’ 1111 ‘Il’ \I
P.v .ry (JIS (11’0 I~ ‘1″1 11 1 I I ‘)11′ pi I’ I )/(ll’lll )/V(‘I lhlng that is S ‘111, way I11l1HII-\0
• pt ,I h ran ‘no .1W,lY ( ,. ,I
S 1TI pi ,
• ‘I’h third principle IS that today s wasting an P
gv n though disposal by l~ndf~llm~or I u:~n~/depletion and pollution ~ I’ our
l
d
h ildren WI proVl e
There is a hierarchy of use 0 maten~ :esources This hierarchy includ s I’ durr.
materials in the areas of energy an ‘. d ti Th “three
, /I d ch II tion prevenuon. The nst m e
reuse, and recycle) refers to source ~e ucnon. d Th “three Its” are t( ugh:
that addresses overpac agi h duct design can lead to decreasing was: ”
~o~s:;:~: ~~ed::~::~~~~ t~~::~der buying products that can be reus ‘LI,
, ibility on the manufacturers and encourages them to. redeSign pi . II ,
for recyclable .abillty. The disc. d :ed to collect source-separated mat rial
them to processmg cen ers ”
als back into the use system.
. d livin standards increase, world resources are Usel I
at increased rates as well. The imp.act 0 lISIn d metals-and its biodiv rsit
of animals birds, flowers, fish, and trees-Is ea mg o. .
resources leading to t err ep e lbon k T’h Limits to Growth shows poululaiiou
igur , the ear 2000 the lines cross, showing I II’
popula~on of the planet m~~easl ?lls and factories in India and China are using
is a reality today; new rec:c mg rru the resources become depleted an 11\1 ‘
Western ~iscards as ~aten~l fee~st~~~~ ~scards increases as well. The moneta: y
~:::::~ :~~:~~:er:~c~e~a;:t:rials market is 100 times higher than what it wn:
YOU ARE HERE
REDUCTION
waste, and water use when recycled resources are substituted for virgin material- III
the case of aluminum, no new bauxite has to be mined and added to the alunil 111111\
melt to recycle it into another product. Today, steel is the most recycled rnci.rl
Agency (EPA), is the basis of the Waste Assessment Model. For each corruumlln
the reduction by recycling in energy use, air pollution, water pollution, 1111111111
waste, and water use is given.
and demand for these materials and the energy and greenhouse gas savings Iii II
occur when discards are managed as commodities.
approaches to handling discards. The Zero Waste approach looks at discards, 11,,111
upstream and downstream of what some would call the waste stream. Efforts to Ii ·,1111.
——–
Air Pollution 95% 85% 74% (I’
Water Pollution 97% 76% 35%
Mining Wastes 99% 97% 1111
Water Use •. 40% 58% ‘III
Ill’ ‘V ‘1111011) I’ ,11’1’1′ tI.I’ ( IOWI1 trcam. ‘lid 01 P, P’ OJ I” very). 111 )111 ‘l’.w.{)l’ds, Ill’
‘/, ‘1’0 W SL (PI roach III “I nn the I I’ V ‘nli )1\ or wu tc an l thc 1” V ‘I’Y 01 hs ards.
• ‘Ih goal of the final product is that the manufacturing of product will not hurt
I’ sponsible for not incurring additional cost by creating and disposing of waste
and/or toxic materials.
• If any of the triple bottom-line parameters (actions that hurt product, plan I, or
economy, the product must be repairable and/or recyclablejcompostabl • (111(\
there will be no toxins used or created by the process that cannot be reused and
recycled by the manufacturer.
• A company takes pride in its products and creates sustainable materials b ‘(Jus’
voluntary, but today companies are being required to take the lead III making
their products and packages conform to international requirements.
of discard.
centers, where materials can be evaluated for reuse and repair. If not reusable and
repairable, materials are dismantled into the basic recycling categories. All reusable
and durable goods should be collected separately and processed as commodities.
These materials can be collected as yard trimmings and food scraps and cornposted
in the back yard and/or collected separately and sent to farms and facilities tha:
have composting and anaerobic digestion capabilities. The result will be healthy
farms with less water and petrochemical demands and no local, human-created
sources of leachate and methane emissions from the landfill.
metal, glass, paper, and plastic.
can be collected separately and then transferred to the processing facilities. Spe ial
discards like rocks and wood have recovery areas at these parks.
The percentage of each of the above market categories in the discard~ v~ries
community’s discards.
3%
Textiles 11 %
Ceramics
10%
l. Reus~ble are materials that can be reused, repaired, and lor dismantled I1I1
2. Paper incl~d~s cardboard, newspaper, writing paper, tissues, and towels
3. Plant debris mcludes all yard trimmings.
4. Putres~ible are food scraps and organics that putrefy
5. Wood m~udes painted and unpainted, although some painted wood
6. Ceramics are rocks, concrete, and asphalt.
7. Glass includes containers but not leaded glass.
8. Polymers are plastic and can be sorted into resin codes for high /I’, •.tlt
9. Soil includes dirt.
metals like copper, aluminum, brass, gold, ete.
woolen natural fibers as well as synthetic fibers.
ther use.
~or this system ~fma.rket categones must be given to Dr. Dan Knapp ofUrb:lII I lie
m Berkeley, California.
)fl 11, wh n p ‘opll’ III 11I1′.1I11t’ .as hay dis ards, ih iy try (0 LIS all OflllcII”llo(h (he
ar k y drivers. Typically r usable products are taken to the hur h or (I 31 harity
or given to the family and neighbors for reuse and repair (reuse). Ex ss ~ ad go’s
( ‘family, workers, neighbors, animals, and ultimately the land (compost). BOlli’s
( nd cans can are a problem but are used for storing material and ultimately re y led
at rural transfer stations (recycling). Paper and wrappers are burned as fuel. I ial
liscards like pesticide containers must be hauled away.
system, discards should be sorted into four clusters, reusable and repairable prod
ucts. recyclable materials, compostable organics, and landfill (for legacy and bad Iy
designed materials). Containers can be varied and different colors. As of 20 11,
tate-of-the-art programs use wheel carts for storage and collection. Thes v.IlY
The blue cart (recycle) is for paper and containers (paper, metals, glass, and
sorters at a materials recovery facility (MFR), baled, and sold.
dirty paper, paper, plant debris, putrescibles, wood, and soil. The corninglcd
organic commodities are taken to a composting facility to be processed into
soil.
pickup, need to be collected in a box truck and taken to a warehouse for further
sorting. These materials include furniture, appliances, clothing, toys, tools, reus
able goods, and textiles. This collection can be made on call.
parks to handle self-hauled loads and special discards. These materials in ludc
chemicals, construction and demolition materials, wood, ceramics, soils, an I, ill
case of self-hauled reuse, recycle and compost categories.
Reusable materials need a warehouse for sorting and dismantling. 1\1\
Recycling materials need a materials recovery facility (MFR). This facility takes
sorting creates bales for global markets. Many MRFs are completely hand-sorted.
sorting, windrowing the material, wetting the materials, and turning the soil I()r
aerobic composting. CO2 and soil are the products. In an anaerobic system Ill\’
material is reduced without air and creates methane, which is extracted for reuse.
The final digestate needs to be composted and stabilized and can be used as a soil
amendment.
metals, glass, ers (Materials Recovery Facility, MRF) Rock, soils, concr l , 1. Reuse 350 28,000 550
Food, vegetable debris, and food clearing debris, nd 3. Plant Trimmings 30 100,000 7
er, paper, plant and sheetrock [Composting or and demolition 5. Wood 24 40,000 4
trescibles, wood Anaerobic Digestion (AD)) materials (Sorting 6. Ceramics 7 20,000 4
appliances, Reuse, repair, dismantling, Regulated Materials: 8. Metals 35 60,000 40
:::Joods,textiles manufacturing and resale of furniture, pesticides, cleaners, 10. Polymers 1,020 110,000 100
;ards: large and small appliances, electronics, and other chemicals 11. Textiles 340 40,000 200
s, construction and textiles, toys, tools, metal and ceramic (Reuse, Take Back, 12. Chemicals 4 2,000 15
n materials, wood, plumbing, fixtures, lighting, lumber and and HHW Disposal)
(Repair and Dismantling)
one-third of all discards disposed of at a landfill. Comingled C and D materials c.u
be sorted on a belt to recover metal, wood, and rock.
safely packed for proper disposal.
and/or incinerator and apply the percentages in the pie chart (Figure 4). You call
look at local studies to see if there is a waste characterization analysis. These studies
typically sort samples of discards in 75 or more categories. These can be combined
into the 12 market categories.
their value can be estimated. The value of baled material is based on official pub
lished market prices. These prices are posted in market journals, newsletters, and
Internet sites. The price for finished compost is used for organic materials.
the cost of polluting (landfill and incineration), these materials have net positive
end value. Table 3 shows the market values for each commodity class. One-third of
the value is from reusable materials. This is a good illustration of why we should
manage these materials away from landfills. Other commodities like paper, metal,
and polymers have a global value as well.
of Disc’ rd In
D lawar ($)
7,400,00
1,3
80,000
70,000
300,000
8,000,000
the number of jobs created in the processing of discards. The Institute claims that,
on average, one job could be created for every 10,000 tons disposed of at the
landfill or incinerator. For the one million tons listed in Table 3, there was nearly
$50,000,000 was lost annually to the landfill and more than 2000 potential jobs.
ations. The value of a ton of baled paper, metal, and polymers (plastic) is a global
price and is basically the same worldwide. Reusable and organic materials arc
locally used products. The value and amount of labor used for reuse and repair
varies because labor rates are different around the world.
considered residuals. Diapers often comprise as much as 6% of residuals. Diapers
are a product that should be redesigned so that they would no longer be unrecover
able. Counties, cities, and joint powers agencies have the power to make rules ill
the name of health and safety. Products like diapers should be compostable.
waste like lead painted wood. Some of this waste can be redesigned, and the
remainder can be buried in a secure landfill with no unprocessed organics mixed
in. The goal would be in the future to find a use for all discards so that residuals
could be eliminated.
one-third of all discards disposed of at a landfill. Comingled C and D materia Is , .111
be sorted on a belt to recover metal, wood, and rock.
safely packed for proper disposal.
Paper and containers made
of paper, metals, glass,
polymers
Food, vegetative debris, food
dirty paper, paper, plant
debris, putrescibles, wood
Furniture, appliances,
clothing, toys, tools,
reusable goods, textiles
Chemicals, construction and
demolition materials, wood,
ceramics, soils
Papers, plastic, glass and metal contain-
ers (Materials Recovery Facility, MRF)
Food, vegetable debris, and food
paper, putrescibles, untreated wood
and sheetrock [Composting or
Anaerobic Digestion (AD))
Reuse, repair, dismantling,
reconditioning, remanufacturing,
manufacturing and resale of furniture,
large and small appliances, electronics,
textiles, toys, tools, metal and ceramic
plumbing, fixtures, lighting, lumber and
other used building materials
(Repair and Dismantling)
Demolition (C nd D):
asphalt, brick, I nd
clearing debris, L n f
mixed constructi 11
and demolition
materials (Sortin
and Grinding)
Used motor oil, p 1111,
pesticides, clean r ,
and other chemicals
(Reuse, Take Back,
and HHW Disposal)
and/or incinerator and apply the percentages in the pie chart (Figure 4). You, .111
look at local studies to see if there is a waste characterization analysis. These studirn
typically sort samples of discards in 75 or more categories. These can be combined
into the 12 market categories.
their value can be estimated. The value of baled material is based on official pull
lished market prices. These prices are posted in market journals, newsletters, anti
Internet sites. The price for finished compost is used for organic materials.
the cost of polluting (landfill and incineration), these materials have net positive
end value. Table 3 shows the market values for each commodity class. One-third “I
the value is from reusable materials. This is a good illustration of why we should
manage these materials away from landfills. Other commodities like paper, metal,
and polymers have a global value as well.
Market Categories Jobs Tons per Year $/T ( t.)
2. Paper 65 370,000 20
3. Plant Trimmings 30 100,000 7
4. Putrescibles 85 190,000 7
5. Wood 24 40,000 4
6. Ceramics 7 20,000 4
7. Soils 20 10,000 7
8. Metals 35 60,000 40
9. Glass 75 30,000 10
11. Textiles 340 40,000 200
12. Chemicals 4 2,000 1
the number of jobs created in the processing of discards. ‘I’ll ‘ Illslll
on average, one job could be created for every 10,000 tOII,~Ii , I
landfill or incinerator. For the one million tons listed in ‘I’ahlc I, II
$50,000,000 was lost annually to the landfill and more than )()()()
ations. The value of a ton of baled paper, metal, and polymers (I)1.1
price and is basically the same worldwide. Reusable and (llg.1I1
locally used products. The value and amount of labor used I()I I
varies because labor rates are different around the world.
considered residuals. Diapers often comprise as much as GOA, 01 II’.
are a product that should be redesigned so that they would no 1011111′
able. Counties, cities, and joint powers agencies have the pOW!’1 II
the name of health and safety. Products like diapers should be (()Il
waste like lead painted wood. Some of this waste can be rnll’,
remainder can be buried in a secure landfill with no unprocessed
in. The goal would be in the future to find a use for all discards, I
could be eliminated.
ronment.
3. Clean production systems at factories that create neither wast d 111.111’11.11
4. Retail stores taking back products that are not recyclable or mpost.ihl.
5. Consumers purchasing products that are environmentally fri Idly.
6. Resource recovery parks replacing transfer stations and landfills.
7. Rules changing to require separation, ban organics from landfill, b.II1111111
system or composting system is in place.
9. Many new jobs being created in reuse, repair, recycling and composllIll\
I’ integrated solid waste manag m nt. II’ ‘xp
The impetus for this study is the ex p i1′.11(
ntract. Trash County has told Phantom th.11 I
tudy you are conducting. (Note: X = the pl’tlll’ll
r duction requirements and recycling m<1I1\1:11'/'I,
The populations to be served and the SOIiII
waste generation in Phantom, and th hesl.lv.ill.
must be used. The first task is to estimate lilt, 01
and composition, generated in Phantom,
the residential and commercial solid wast ‘. POlt”
waste management system include:
2. Waste-to-energy facility, with Ill\’ Pi’ I ”
unacceptable items and the incincr.uru
which will be incorporated into the final rl’l)(HI:
Chapter 2 Collection
Chapter 3 Recycling
Chapter 4 Compo sting
Chapter 5 Waste-to-Energy (Mass Buruing
Chapter 6 Siting the Sanitary Landf II
Chapter 7 Design of the Sanitary Land IiII
Chapter 8 Technical, Economic, and 1~IlVil
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
AND
RECYCLING SERVICES
Prepared By:
Washtenaw County Purchasing
Administration Building
220 N. Main St., B-3
5
Ann Arbor, MI 4810
7
Crystal Wake, C.P.M., CPPB
Senior Buyer
(734) 222-6761
BIDDERS COMPANY NAME
__________________________
WASHTENAW COUNTY
Finance Department
Purchasing Division
P.O. Box 8645, 220 N. Main, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8645
Phone (734) 222-6760, Fax (734) 222-676
4
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL #6518
February 1, 20
10
Washtenaw County Purchasing Division on behalf of Washtenaw County Facilities is issuing
a Request for Proposal (RFP) #6518 for Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling
Services for a three-year period for various Washtenaw County buildings.
Sealed Proposals: Vendor will deliver one (1) original and (2) two copies which is clearly
marked as such and must contain original signature(s) to the following address:
Washtenaw County
Administration Building
Purchasing Division
220 N. Main St. Room B-35
Ann Arbor, MI. 48107
By: 4:00 PM on TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2010
Proposals received after the above cited time will be considered a late quote and are
not acceptable unless waived by the Purchasing Manager.
• Please clearly mark your envelope with the following: “SEALED RFP # 6518”.
• Please direct purchasing and procedural questions regarding this RFP to Crystal A.
Wake at (734) 222-6760.
• Please direct specific technical questions regarding this RFP to Cynthia Every at (734)
222- 6865.
Thank you for your interest.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
1
I. PROPOSAL
Definitions: “County” is Washtenaw County in Michigan.
“Bidder” an individual or business submitting a bid to Washtenaw County.
“Contractor” one who contracts to perform work or furnish materials in
accordance with a contract.
Purpose of Proposal:
The Washtenaw County Facilities Management is requesting proposals from qualified vendors to
provide Solid Waste collection, Disposal and Recycling Services to various County Buildings.
Vendors have the option to bid on Section 1 or Section 2 or both Sections for the following services:
Section 1: Solid waste collection and disposal service
Section 2: Recycling collection and processing at the Contractor’s facility
II. PROPOSAL TERMS
A. Washtenaw County reserves the right to reject any and all proposals received as a result of
this RFP. If a proposal is selected, it will be the most advantageous regarding price, quality
of service, the Contractor’s qualifications and capabilities to provide the specified service,
and other factors that Washtenaw County may consider. The County does not intend to
award a Bid fully on the basis of any response made to the proposal; the County reserves
the right to consider proposals for modifications at any time before a Bid would be awarded,
and negotiations would be undertaken with that provider whose proposal is deemed to best
meet the County’s specifications and needs.
B. The County reserves the right to reject any or all bids, to waive or not waive informalities or
irregularities in bids or bidding procedures, and to accept or further negotiate cost, terms, or
conditions of any bid determined by the County to be in the best interests of the County even
though not the lowest bid.
C. The price quotations stated in the bidder’s proposal will not be subject to any price increase
from the date on which the proposal is opened at the County Purchasing Office to the
mutually agreed-to date of Award.
D. Proposals must be signed by an official authorized to bind the provider to its provisions for at
least a period of 90 days. Failure of the successful bidder to accept the obligation of the Bid
may result in the cancellation of any award.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
2
E. In the event it becomes necessary to revise any part of the RFP, the entire proposal
document with any amendments should be returned with addenda provided. Deadlines for
submission of the RFP’s may be adjusted to allow for revisions. To be considered, original
proposal and two copies must be at the County Purchasing Division on or before the date
and time specified.
F. Proposals should be prepared simply and economically providing a straight-forward, concise
description of the Contractor’s ability to meet the requirements of the RFP. Proposals shall
be written in ink or typewritten. No erasures are permitted. Mistakes may be crossed out and
corrected and must be initialed in ink by the person signing the proposal.
G. In the event, the County receives two or more bids from responsive, responsible bidders, one
or more of whom are Washtenaw County vendors and the bids are substantially equal in
price, quality and service, the County shall award the contract to the most responsive,
responsible Washtenaw County vendor. For purposes of this section, Washtenaw County
vendor means a company which has maintained its principle office in Washtenaw County for
at least six (6) months. Maintaining a Washtenaw County P.O Box is not, in and of itself,
sufficient to discretion under this section to determine if a company qualifies as a Washtenaw
County vendor and if two or more bids are substantially equal.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
3
III. CONTRACTOR INFORMATION
The proposal shall include all of the following information (failure to include all the information could
result in disqualification):
1. Qualifications: Please list your company’s years in business, staff profile and experience that
qualify your company to provide the services required by Washtenaw County.
(Attach as Addendum A)
2. References: List three (3) references from current customers receiving the same or similar
service(s). Include name, contact name and phone number.
(Attach as Addendum B)
3. Concurrence: with Section V: Terms and Conditions. Please indicate in writing that your
company will meet these provisions.
(Attach as Addendum C)
4. Concurrence: with Section IV. Contract Provisions. Please indicate in writing that your
company will meet these provisions.
(Attach as Addendum D)
5. Statement: of any recycling programs your company currently offers.
(Attach as Addendum E)
6. Description: of how your company will collect recyclable material. For instance, do you collect
recyclables and solid waste in separate containers, or are recyclables commingled with solid
waste? Does your company use separate trucks to collect recyclables vs. solid waste?
Please provide all relevant collection details.
(Attach as Addendum F)
7. Reporting: Washtenaw County requires that tonnage and/or volumes be reported quarterly
for recycling and solid waste collected. Please explain how your company will track, record,
and submit these data.
(Attach as Addendum G)
8. Bidding: All Contractors bidding on recycling are required to bid on “Option A” (see pg. 13 &
14). Contractor may also submit pricing for processing at their own facility, “Option B” (no bid
sheet provided). If your company opts to bid on Option B, please provide the name, address,
and description of the facility where recyclables will be processed.
(Attach as Addendum H)
9. Miscellaneous: Describe any additional tools your company can provide Washtenaw County
to assist in improving the County’s In-House Recycling Program: e.g., educational materials,
collection containers, employee incentives, etc.
(Attach as Addendum I)
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
4
IV. CONTRACT PROVISIONS
If a contract is awarded, the selected Contractor will be required to adhere to a set of general
contract provisions that will become a part of any formal agreement. These provisions are general
principles that apply to all Contractors providing service(s) to Washtenaw County, as follows:
ARTICLE III – REPORTING OF CONTRACTOR
Section 1 – The Contractor is to report to Facilities Management and will cooperate and
confer with him/her as necessary to insure satisfactory work progress.
Section 2 – All reports, estimates, memoranda and documents submitted by the Contractor
must be dated and bear the Contractor’s name.
Section 3 – All reports made in connection with these services are subject to review and final
approval by the County Administrator.
Section 4 – The County may review and inspect the Contractor’s activities during the term of
this contract.
Section 5 – When applicable, the Contractor will submit a final, written report to the County
Administrator.
Section 6 – After reasonable notice to the Contractor, the County may review any of the
Contractor’s internal records, reports, or insurance policies.
ARTICLE IV – TERM
This contract begins on (MONTH, DAY, YEAR) and ends on (MONTH, DAY, YEAR).
ARTICLE V – PERSONNEL
Section 1 – The contractor will provide the required services and will not subcontract or
assign the services without the County’s written approval.
Section 2 – The Contractor will not hire any County employee for any of the required services
without the County’s written approval.
Section 3 – The parties agree that the Contractor is neither an employee nor an agent of the
County for any purpose.
Section 4 – The parties agree that all work done under this contract shall be completed in the
United States and that none of the work will be partially or fully completed by either an offshore
subcontractor or offshore business interest either owned or affiliated with the contractor. For
purposes of this contract, the term, “offshore” refers to any area outside the contiguous United
States, Alaska or Hawaii.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
5
ARTICLE VI – INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT
The contractor will protect, defend and indemnify Washtenaw County, its officers, agents,
servants, volunteers and employees from any and all liabilities, claims, liens, fines, demands and
costs, including legal fees, of whatsoever kind and nature which may result in injury or death to any
persons, including the Contractor’s own employees, and for loss or damage to any property,
including property owned or in the care, custody or control of Washtenaw County in connection with
or in any way incident to or arising out of the occupancy, use, service, operations, performance or
non-performance of work in connection with this contract resulting in whole or in part from negligent
acts or omissions of contractor, any sub-contractor, or any employee, agent or representative of the
contractor or any sub-contractor.
ARTICLE VII – INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS
The Contractor will maintain at its own expense during the term of this Contract, the following
insurance:
1. Workers’ Compensation Insurance with Michigan statutory limits and Employers
Liability Insurance with a minimum limit of $100,000 each accident for any employee.
2. Comprehensive/Commercial General Liability Insurance with a combined single limit
of $1,000,000 each occurrence for bodily injury and property damage. The County
shall be added as “additional insured” on general liability policy with respect to the
services provided under this contract.
3. Automobile Liability Insurance covering all owned, hired and non-owned vehicles with
Personal Protection Insurance and Property Protection Insurance to comply with the
provisions of the Michigan No Fault Insurance Law, including residual liability
insurance with a minimum combined single limit of $1,000,000 each accident for
bodily injury and property damage.
Insurance companies, named insureds and policy forms shall be subject to the approval of
the Washtenaw County Administrator. Such approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.
Insurance policies shall not contain endorsements or policy conditions which reduce coverage
provided to Washtenaw County. Contractor shall be responsible to Washtenaw County or insurance
companies insuring Washtenaw County for all costs resulting from both financially unsound
insurance companies selected by Contractor and their inadequate insurance coverage. Contractor
shall furnish the Washtenaw County Administrator with satisfactory certificates of insurance or a
certified copy of the policy, if requested by the County Administrator.
No payments will be made to the Contractor until the current certificates of insurance have
been received and approved by the Administrator. If the insurance, as evidenced by the certificates
furnished by the Contractor, expires or is canceled during the term of the contract, services and
related payments will be suspended. Contractor shall furnish the County Administrator’s Office with
certification of insurance evidencing such coverage and endorsements at least ten (10) working
days prior to commencement of services under this contract. Certificates shall be addressed to the
County Administrator, P. O. Box 8645, Ann Arbor, MI, 48107, and shall provide for 30 day written
notice to the Certificate holder of cancellation of coverage.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
6
ARTICLE VIII – COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND REGULATIONS
The Contractor will comply with all federal, state and local regulations, including but not
limited to all applicable OSHA/MIOSHA requirements and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
ARTICLE IX – INTEREST OF CONTRACTOR AND COUNTY
The Contractor promises that it has no interest which would conflict with the performance of
services required by this contract. The Contractor also promises that, in the performance of this
contract, no officer, agent, employee of the County of Washtenaw, or member of its governing
bodies, may participate in any decision relating to this contract which affects his/her personal
interest or the interest of any corporation, partnership or association in which he/she is directly or
indirectly interested or has any personal or pecuniary interest. However, this paragraph does not
apply if there has been compliance with the provisions of Section 3 of Act No. 317 of the Public Acts
of 1968 and/or Section 30 of Act No. 156 of Public Acts of 1851, as amended by Act No. 51 of the
Public Acts of 1978, whichever is applicable.
ARTICLE X – CONTINGENT FEES
The Contractor promises that it has not employed or retained any company or person, other
than bona fide employees working solely for the Contractor, to solicit or secure this contract, and
that it has not paid or agreed to pay any company or person, other than bona fide employees
working solely for the Contractor, any fee, commission, percentage, brokerage fee, gifts or any other
consideration contingent upon or resulting from the award or making of this contract. For breach of
this promise, the County may cancel this contract without liability or, at its discretion, deduct the full
amount of the fee, commission, percentage, brokerage fee, gift or contingent fee from the
compensation due the Contractor.
ARTICLE XI – EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment
because of race, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, physical handicap, age, height,
weight, marital status, veteran status, religion and political belief (except as it relates to a bona fide
occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the business).
The Contractor will take affirmative action to eliminate discrimination based on sex, race, or a
handicap in the hiring of applicant and the treatment of employees. Affirmative action will include,
but not be limited to: Employment; upgrading, demotion or transfer; recruitment advertisement; layoff
or termination; rates of pay or other forms of compensation; selection for training, including
apprenticeship.
The Contractor agrees to post notices containing this policy against discrimination in
conspicuous places available to applicants for employment and employees. All solicitations or
advertisements for employees, placed by or on the behalf of the Contractor, will state that all
qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, creed, color,
sex, sexual orientation, national origin, physical handicap, age, height, weight, marital status,
veteran status, religion and political belief.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
7
ARTICLE XII – LIVING WAGE
The parties understand that the County has enacted a Living Wage Ordinance that requires
covered vendors who execute a service or professional service contract with the County to pay their
employees under that contract, a minimum of either $10.88 per hour with benefits or $12.75 per hour
without benefits. Contractor agrees to comply with this Ordinance in paying its employees.
Contractor understands and agrees that an adjustment of the living wage amounts, based upon the
Health and Human Services poverty guidelines, will be made on or before May 1, 2010 and annually
thereafter which amount shall be automatically incorporated into this contract. County agrees to
give Contractor thirty (30) days written notice of such change. Contractor agrees to post a notice
containing the County’s Living Wage requirements at a location at its place of business accessed by
its employees
ARTICLE XIII – EQUAL ACCESS
The Contractor shall provide the services set forth in Article I without discrimination on the
basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, physical
handicap, or age.
ARTICLE XIV – OWNERSHIP OF DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATION
All documents developed as a result of this contract will be freely available to the public.
None may be copyrighted by the Contractor. During the performance of the services, the Contractor
will be responsible for any loss of or damage to the documents while they are in its possession and
must restore the loss or damage at its expense. Any use of the information and results of this
contract by the Contractor must reference the project sponsorship by the County. Any publication of
the information or results must be co-authored by the County.
ARTICLE XV – ASSIGNS AND SUCCESSORS
This contract is binding on the County and the Contractor, their successors and assigns.
Neither the County nor the Contractor will assign or transfer its interest in this contract without the
written consent of the other.
ARTICLE XVI – TERMINATION OF CONTRACT
Section 1 – Termination without cause. Either party may terminate the contract by giving
thirty (30) days written notice to the other party.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
8
ARTICLE XVII – PAYROLL TAXES
The Contractor is responsible for all applicable state and federal social security benefits and
unemployment taxes and agrees to indemnify and protect the County against such liability.
ARTICLE XVIII – PRACTICE AND ETHICS
The parties will conform to the code of ethics of their respective national professional
associations.
ARTICLE XIX- CHANGES IN SCOPE OR SCHEDULE OF SERVICES
Changes mutually agreed upon by the County and the Contractor, will be incorporated into
this contract by written amendments signed by both parties.
ARTICLE XX – CHOICE OF LAW AND FORUM
This contract is to be interpreted by the laws of Michigan. The parties agree that the proper
forum for litigation arising out of this contract is in Washtenaw County, Michigan.
ARTICLE XXI – EXTENT OF CONTRACT
This contract represents the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior
representations, negotiations or agreements whether written or oral.
V. TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Award:
Washtenaw County reserves the right to reject any and all proposals received as a result of this
RFP. If a proposal is selected it will be the most advantageous regarding price (see “Low Bidder,”
below), quality of service, the Contractors’ qualifications and capabilities to provide the specified
service, and other factors that the County may consider. The County does not intend to award a Bid
fully on the basis of any response made to the proposal; the County reserves the right to consider
proposals for modifications at any time before a Bid would be awarded, and negotiations would be
undertaken with that Contractor whose proposal is deemed to best meet the County’s specifications
and needs.
Low Bidder:
Low Bidder will be determined according to several factors including price, collection methodology,
and responsiveness to the bid.
Term of Bid:
This is a three (3) year bid from date of contract and the prices reflected in the bid are for the three
year period.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
9
VI. SCOPE OF SERVICES
A. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL (“Section 1”)
1. The Contractor will be responsible for the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid
waste generated at designated facilities in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws.
2. The Contractor will provide containers for the collection of solid waste materials
generated at each designated facility.
3. The Contractor will collect solid waste on a regularly scheduled basis, determined by the
Contractor and agreed upon by the County.
4. The Contractor will maintain a clean area around dumpsters. The Contractor must pick up
and remove any debris created as a result of the collection activity.
5. The Contractor will be able to respond to irregularities in waste generation. The Contractor
shall respond within 24 hours to any unforeseen/special pick-ups requested by the County.
The container sizes and collection frequencies currently in use for each County building are listed
below:
Building Name Address City ZIP No. of containers
Size (cubic
yards)
Pickups/
week
Administration 220 N. Main Ann Arbor 48104 1 6 5
Service Center 4133 Washtenaw Ann Arbor 48108 2 6 1
1 8 1
Youth Center 4125 Washtenaw Ann Arbor 48108 1 6 2
Juvenile Court 2270 Platt Rd. Ann Arbor 48104 1 8 1
Facilities Mgt. Center 2155 Hogback Rd. Ann Arbor 48105 1 6 1
Corrections Facility 2201 Hogback Rd. Ann Arbor 48105 5 6 3
Department of Social
Services 2140 E. Ellsworth Ypsilanti 48197 1 6 1
Department of Social
Services 22 Center Street Ypsilanti 48198 2 6 3
Chelsea Court 122 S. Main St. Chelsea 48118 1 2 Biweekly
Eastern Co.
Government Center 415 W. Michigan Ypsilanti 48197 1 4 1
Western County
Service Center 705 N. Zeeb Rd.
Ann
Arbor 48103 1 6 2
Head Start Facility 1661 LeForge Rd. Ypsilanti 48198 1 6 2
Delonis Center 312 W. Huron Ann Arbor 48103 1 8 3
Facilities Mgt. Center 2155 Hogback Rd. Ann Arbor 48105 1 30 As needed
CSTS 750 Towner Ypsilanti 48198 1 6 1
Saline Court 1000 N. Maple Saline 48178 1 6 1
Varies 1 30 As needed
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
10
B. RECYCLING COLLECTION AND PROCESSING (“Section 2”)
Washtenaw County has a strong commitment to waste reduction and recycling. Recycling is official
County policy and employees have been participating in a program for over ten years.
Since 1997, the County’s In-House Recycling Program has consisted of a two-stream sorting
process, as follows:
Mixed Paper Mixed Containers Cardboard/Styrofoam
White Ledger #1 PET Plastic Bottles Boxes
Colored Ledger #2 HDPE Plastic Bottles Frames (Certificate)
Computer Print Out Milk Cartons Press Board
Copier & Laser Print Paper Drink Boxes (aseptic) Cups
Newspapers Steel Cans Containers
Magazines Aluminum Cans Peanuts/Popcorn
Boxboard Packing Materials
Blueprints
Envelopes
Materials are collected in County offices in corrugated boxes lined with colored or translucent plastic
bags. Materials are then transported outside into 90-gallon collection carts. Paper is generally
emptied into the carts loose, while rigid containers are kept in the plastic bags. Historically, mixed
paper has represented over ¾ of materials collected. Typically, over 180 tons of office paper is
collected from Washtenaw County facilities every year. Cardboard has been collected and delivered
to the Comprehensive Drop-off Station at 2950 Ellsworth Rd. approximately 4,042 un-compacted
cubic yards of cardboard were collected during 2009.
In addition to those items listed above, corrugated cardboard and Styrofoam should also be
collected for recycling. County staff will flatten cardboard/Styrofoam and place in a dumpster
provided by the Contractor. Please list items that are not acceptable for recycling.
Washtenaw County’s In-House Recycling Program will:
Be easy to understand Foster high participation
Be easy to implement Achieve a high recovery rate
Be convenient for employees Produce high quality recyclables
Capture a variety of materials Track program performance (in terms of yards or tons diverted)
The successful Contractor will:
1. Provide external collection containers as needed for recyclables at each location (e.g. carts
or Dumpsters; may differ by location according to space availability and contractor’s
collection method)
2. Collect recyclables on a regularly scheduled basis, determined by the Contractor and agreed
upon by the County.
3. Work with the County’s In-House Recycling Program Coordinator to ensure that materials
are sorted properly and according to specification.
4. Provide quarterly reports to the County’s In-House Recycling Program Coordinator on the
volume or tonnage of materials collected.
5. Provide quarterly reports to Washtenaw County on the composition of materials collected,
based on an internal audit of Washtenaw County materials.
6. Provide recycling of Styrofoam products.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
11
BID PRICE SHEETS
A. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL (“Section 1”)
Name Address No. of containers
Size
(cubic
yards)
Pickups
per week
Monthly
price Annual total
Administration 220 N. Main 1 6 5 $ $
Service Center 4133 Washtenaw 2 6 1 $ $
1 8 1 $ $
Youth Center 4125 Washtenaw 1 6 2 $ $
Juvenile Court 2270 Platt Rd. 1 8 1 $ $
Facilities Mgt. Center 2155 Hogback Rd. 1 6 1 $ $
Corrections Facility 2201 Hogback Rd. 5 6 3 $ $
CSTS 2140 E. Ellsworth 1 6 2 $ $
Department of Human
Services 22 Center Street 2 6 3 $ $
Chelsea Court 122 S. Main St. 1 2 Biweekly $ $
Eastern Co. Government
Center 415 W. Michigan 1 4 1 $ $
Western County Service
Center 705 N. Zeeb Rd. 1 6 2 $ $
Head Start Facility 1661 LeForge Rd. 1 6 2 $ $
Delonis Center 312 W. Huron 1 8 3 $ $
CSTS 750 Towner 1 6 1 $ $
Saline Court 1000 N. Maple 1 6 1 $ $
TOTAL $ $
Facilities Management
Center 2155 Hogback Rd. 1 30
As
needed $ Per Load
To be determined Varies 1 30 As needed $ Per Load
(C&D materials)
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
13
B. RECYCLING COLLECTION AND PROCESSING (“Section 2, Option A”)
Location Address Containers
(number & size)
Freq. of
pickup
Price per
Pick-up
Service
events per
year
Monthly
cost
Annual
cost
Saline Court 1000 N. Maple, Saline 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Weekly $ 52 $ $
Children Services 4125 Washtenaw, Ann Arbor 2-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
Service Center 4133 Washtenaw, Ann Arbor 3-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Biweekly $ 26 $ $
Juvenile Court 2270 Platt Road, Ann Arbor 2-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
Facilities Mgt. Center 2155 Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Weekly $ 52 $ $
Correctional Facility 2201 Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor 1-30yd roll-off Biweekly $ 26 $ $
Sheriff’s offices 2201 Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor 2-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
CSTS 2140 E. Ellsworth, Ann Arbor 5-MP, 2-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
14
Continue (Section 2, Option A)
Location Address Containers
(number & size)
Freq. of
pickup
Price per
Pick-up
Service
events per
year
Monthly
cost
Annual
cost
Public Health 555 Towner, Ypsilanti 5-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Weekly $ 52 $ $
WCSC 705 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor 3-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Bi-Weekly $ 26 $ $
CSTS 750 Towner, Ypsilanti 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Biweekly $ 26 $ $
ECGC 415 W. Michigan, Ypsilanti 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
Head Start Facility 1661 LeForge Rd., Ypsilanti 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
1- 6yd Dumpster Monthly $ 12 $ $
Huron Valley Child
Guidance Center
2940 E. Ellsworth Rd., Ypsilanti 1-MP, 1-MC Weekly $ 52 $ $
TOTAL PER YEAR $ $ $
To be Determined Varies 1-30 yd roll-off As Needed $ Per Load NA NA
x-6yd Dumpster = cardboard dumpster
x-MP = x-90 gallon Mixed Paper bin
x-MC = x-90 gallon Mixed Containers bin
PLEASE NOTE: Washtenaw County does not guarantee that all buildings will receive recycling services. The County may choose to
initiate recycling services only at certain buildings, and reserves the right to add services to other buildings at any time during the
course of the contract per the prices provided in this bid sheet.
RFP #6518 Solid Waste Collection, Disposal, and Recycling Services
15
SIGNATURE PAGE
_______________________________ _________________________
Signature Company Name
_______________________________ __________ ______________
Print Name Company Address
_______________________________ _________________________
Title City St. Zip
______________________________ _________________________
Telephone # Fax #
______________________________ __ ____
Federal Tax ID # Email Address
The above individual is authorized to sign on behalf of company submitting
proposal.
Proposals must be signed by an official authorized to bind the provider to its
provisions for at least a period of 90 days.
By checking this box we hereby certify that we are a Washtenaw County
company as defined in Section I., G. above. If proven otherwise you may
be subject to Disbarment and/or Suspension of doing business with
Washtenaw County.
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