JMU Matlab ASK FSK and PSK Digital Modulation Lab Report

IT300 Virtual Lab 3 V5ASK, FSK and PSK Digital Modulation
Student Name: ___________________ GMU ID: ____________Date: _____________
Objectives.
VLAB3 covers part 1: On-Off Keying (OOK), part 2: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), part 3: Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK), and part 4: Phase Shift Keying (PSK) digital signaling techniques.
As you read through this procedure, you will find multiple choice questions appearing in blue text. You are
required to answer these questions in a separate VLAB assignment which will appear in the VLAB folder. The
question format is similar to that of a homework assignment (i.e., select the correct answers and submit). In
addition, you will be asked to copy and submit plots that you create using MatLab. These will also be identified by
blue text within the procedures. A document “plot submission” template will be available for you to paste
requested copies for submission into the VLAB assignment.
Students are highly encouraged to change the values of variables during each part of the lab in order to observe
changes in the signal plots.
Note: In this lab (VLAB3) no MatLab code modification is necessary.
Part 1. OOK (On Off Keying) Digital Modulation
Logical Data Set
data = [1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
Simple Line Code Voltages
a1 volts representing logical “1”
a2 volts representing logical “0”
Carrier:
c(t) = Ac cos(2πfct),
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
Step 1.1 Use the following MATLAB code and create plots using the following code.
%OOK
clear
clc
clf
Ac=3 %amplitude of the carrier
fc=5 %frequency of the carrier
data=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
a1=1 %simple line code amplitude 1
a2=0 %simple line coded amplitude 2
blc2=1:8 %replace data with line coded voltage
n = length(data) %number of data bits
t = 0:.01:n %time x-axis
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100 %”for j” matrix statement, populate matrix dat2
for m=1:n %replace logical data with voltage line coding
if data(m)>0
Index=data(m)/Ac %ASK index
blc2(m)=a1
else blc2(m)=a2
1
end
end
for i = 1:n %expand line coded volatges by x10
for j = i:.1:i+1
dat2(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = blc2(i) %populate line code matrix by expanding x10
end
end
dat2 = dat2(100:end)
cosine=cos(2*pi*fc*t)
c = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) %carrier wave
st = (Ac*dat2).*cosine %OOK modulated signal
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,dat2)%plot line coded data
title(‘Simple Line Coded Data’)
grid on
axis([0 n -1 +3])
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c) %plot carrier wave
title(‘Carrier Wave’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st) %plot OOK modulated signal
title(‘OOK Modulated Signal’)
grid on
axis([0 n -7 +7])
%combined modulated carrier and line coded data plot
subplot(4, 1, 4)
yyaxis left
plot(t, st)
ylim([-8 8])
yyaxis right
plot(t, dat2)
ylim([-1 2])
title(‘Combined Line Coded Data and OOK Modulated Carrier’)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
Question 1. The OOK modulated signal does not accurately represents the logical data.
a. True
b. False
Plot 1 – OOK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 1.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Part 2. ASK Digital Modulation
Logical Data Set:
data = [1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
Simple Line Code Voltages:
a1 volts representing logical “1”
2
a2 volts representing logical “0”
Carrier:
c(t) = Ac cos(2πfct),
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
Index:
Index=data(m)/Ac
Step 2.1 Use the following MATLAB code and create plots.
%ASK
clear
clc
clf
Ac=3 %amplitude of the carrier
fc=5 %frequency of the carrier
data=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
a1=4.5 %simple line code amplitude 1
a2=0.5 %simple line coded amplitude 2
blc2=1:8 %replace data with line coded voltage
n = length(data) %number of data bits
t = 0:.01:n %time x-axis
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100 %”for j” matrix statement, populate matrix dat2
for m=1:n %replace logical data with voltage line coding
if data(m)>0
Index=data(m)/Ac %ASK index
blc2(m)=a1
else blc2(m)=a2
end
end
for i = 1:n %expand line coded volatges by x10
for j = i:.1:i+1
dat2(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = blc2(i) %populate line code matrix by expanding x10
end
end
dat2 = dat2(100:end)
cosine=cos(2*pi*fc*t)
c = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) %carrier wave
st = (Ac + dat2).*cosine %ASK modulated signal
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,dat2)%plot line coded data
title(‘Simple Line Coded Data’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c) %plot carrier wave
title(‘Carrier Wave’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st) %plot ASK modulated signal
title(‘ASK Modulated Signal’)
grid on
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axis([0 n -8 +8])
%combined modulated carrier and line coded data plot
subplot(4, 1, 4)
yyaxis left
plot(t, st)
ylim([-8 8])
yyaxis right
plot(t, dat2)
ylim([-8 8])
title(‘Combined Line Coded Data and ASK Modulated Carrier’)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
Question 2. Select the correct statement regarding the modulated ASK waveform.
a. There is no difference between the OOK and ASK waves
b. It is seen that logical “1s” and “0s” are represented by different carrier wave amplitudes
c. Unlike OOK where logical data is represented by a voltage or the absence of a voltage, ASK represents logical
data using different voltage levels operating at the same frequency
d. both b and c are correct statements
Plot 2 – ASK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 2.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Part 3. FSK Digital Modulation
Logical Data Set:
data = [1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
Simple Line Code Frequencies:
f1 Hz representing logical “1”
f2 Hz representing logical “0”
Carrier:
c(t) = Ac cos(2πfct),
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
Index:
Index=Df*(1/fc)
Step 3.1 Use the following MATLAB code and create plots.
%FSK
clear
clc
Ac=5 %amplitude of the carrier
fc=7 %frequency of the carrier
data=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
f1=7 %simple line code frequency 1
f2=2 %simple line coded fequency 2
Df=f1-f2 %differential frequency (variation between f1 and f2)
Index=Df*(1/fc) %FSK modulation index
blc2=1:8 %replace data with line coded frequency changes
n = length(data) %number of data bits
t = 0:.01:n %time x-axis
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100 %”for j” matrix statement, populate matrix dat2
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for i = 1:n
for j = i:.1:i+1
bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = data(i);
end
end
bw = bw(100:end);
for m=1:n %replace logical data with frequency line coding
if data(m)>0
blc2(m)=f1
else blc2(m)=f2
end
end
for i = 1:n %expand line coded frequencies by x10
for j = i:.1:i+1
dat2(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = blc2(i) %populate line code matrix by expanding x10
end
end
dat2 = dat2(100:end)
cosine=cos(2*pi*dat2.*t)
c = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) %carrier wave
st = Ac*cosine %FSK modulated signal
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,bw)%plot line coded data
title(‘Simple Logical Data’)
grid on
axis([0 n -1 +2])
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c) %plot carrier wave
title(‘Carrier Wave’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st) %plot FSK modulated signal
title(‘FSK Modulated Signal’)
grid on
axis([0 n -7 +7])
%combined modulated carrier and line coded data plot
subplot(4, 1, 4)
yyaxis left
plot(t, st)
ylim([-8 8])
yyaxis right
plot(t, bw)
ylim([-2 2])
title(‘Combined Logical Data and FSK Modulated Carrier’)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
Question 3. Select the correct statement regarding the modulated FSK waveform.
a. The modulated signal does not accurately represent the message because the amplitude of the modulated
signal does not change with changes in the logical data.
b. The modulated signal indicates changes in frequency, but no changes in amplitude. Therefore, the modulated
signal is distorted and does not accurately represent the logical data.
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c. It can be seen that logical “1s” and “0s” are accurately represented by changes in carrier frequency; therefore,
the modulated signal accurately represents the logical data.
d. There are no accurate statements above.
Plot 3 – FSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 3.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Step 3.2 Using the MATLAB code provided below, create plots. Note the following change:
(1) Change f1 = 2 Hz
(2) Change Ac = 2 volts
%FSK
clear
clc
Ac=2 %amplitude of the carrier
fc=7 %frequency of the carrier
data=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
f1=2 %simple line code frequency 1
f2=2 %simple line coded fequency 2
Df=f1-f2 %differential frequency (variation between f1 and f2)
Index=Df*(1/fc) %FSK modulation index
blc2=1:8 %replace data with line coded frequency changes
n = length(data) %number of data bits
t = 0:.01:n %time x-axis
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100 %”for j” matrix statement, populate matrix dat2
for i = 1:n
for j = i:.1:i+1
bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = data(i);
end
end
bw = bw(100:end);
for m=1:n %replace logical data with frequency line coding
if data(m)>0
blc2(m)=f1
else blc2(m)=f2
end
end
for i = 1:n %expand line coded frequencies by x10
for j = i:.1:i+1
dat2(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = blc2(i) %populate line code matrix by expanding x10
end
end
dat2 = dat2(100:end)
cosine=cos(2*pi*dat2.*t)
c = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) %carrier wave
st = Ac*cosine %FSK modulated signal
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,bw)%plot line coded data
title(‘Simple Logical Data’)
grid on
axis([0 n -1 +2])
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subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c) %plot carrier wave
title(‘Carrier Wave’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st) %plot FSK modulated signal
title(‘FSK Modulated Signal’)
grid on
axis([0 n -7 +7])
%combined modulated carrier and line coded data plot
subplot(4, 1, 4)
yyaxis left
plot(t, st)
ylim([-8 8])
yyaxis right
plot(t, bw)
ylim([-2 2])
title(‘Combined Logical Data and FSK Modulated Carrier’)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
Question 4. Select the correct statement after executing the MatLab code with the above changes.
a. It is difficult to see frequency changes in the modulated signal because logical “1s” and “0s” are represented by
the same line frequency (i.e., f1 = f2).
b. The unmodulated carrier wave amplitude has been reduced to 2v, therefore the FSK modulated signal cannot
represent the logical data.
c. Since f1 = f2, the frequency changes are consistent with the logical data (i.e., the FSK modulated signal
accurately represents the logical data).
d. All statements are correct.
Plot 4 – FSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 3.2 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Part 4. PSK Digital Modulation
Logical Data Set:
data = [1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
Simple Line Code Phase Angle (radian): phi1 = 0 radians representing logical “1”
phi2 = pi radians representing logical “0”
Carrier:
c(t) = Ac cos(2πfct),
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
Index:
Index=kp*data(m)
Step 4.1 Use the following MATLAB code and create plots.
%PSK
clear
7
clc
Ac=5 %amplitude of the carrier
fc=3 %frequency of the carrier
data=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0] % assume +1 and 0 volts simple line coding
kp=1 %radians per volt
phi1=0 %simple line code phase angle 1 in radians
phi2=pi %simple line coded phase angle 2 in radians
blc2=1:8 %replace data with line coded phase angle
n = length(data) %number of data bits
t = 0:.01:n %time x-axis
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100 %”for j” matrix statement, populate matrix dat2
for i = 1:n
for j = i:.1:i+1
bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = data(i);
end
end
bw = bw(100:end);
for m=1:n %replace logical data with phase angle line coding
if data(m)>0
Index=kp*data(m)
blc2(m)=phi1
else blc2(m)=phi2
end
end
for i = 1:n %expand line coded phase angles by x10
for j = i:.1:i+1
dat2(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = blc2(i) %populate line code matrix by expanding x10
end
end
dat2 = dat2(100:end)
cosine=cos((2*pi*fc*t)+kp*dat2)
c = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) %carrier wave
st = Ac*cosine %PSK modulated signal
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,bw)%plot line coded data
title(‘Simple Logical Data’)
grid on
axis([0 n -1 +2])
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c) %plot carrier wave
title(‘Carrier Wave’)
grid on
axis([0 n -8 +8])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,st) %plot PSK modulated signal
title(‘PSK Modulated Signal’)
grid on
axis([0 n -7 +7])
%combined modulated carrier and line coded data plot
subplot(4, 1, 4)
yyaxis left
plot(t, st)
8
ylim([-8 8])
yyaxis right
plot(t, bw)
ylim([-2 2])
title(‘Combined Logical Data and PSK Modulated Carrier’)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
Question 5. Modulated carrier signal shifts in phase can be seen to map to logical data changes. Therefore, the
PSK modulated signal accurately represents the logical data.
a. True.
b. False
Plot 5 – PSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 4.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
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IT300 Virtual Lab 3
ASK, FSK and PSK Digital Modulation
Student Name: ___________________ GMU ID: ____________Date: _____________
Plot 1 – OOK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 1.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Plot 2 – ASK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 2.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Plot 3 – FSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 3.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Plot 4 – FSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 3.2 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Plot 5 – PSK Signal Plot Submission: Submit (i.e., copy/paste) the MATLAB plots from step 4.1 above into the
“IT300 Virtual Lab Plot Submission” .
Programming Assignment ¾
Scenario:
The Office of Sustainability at Mason has recently started an ecological study to determine the impact of
the trash generated, by its students, on the surrounding wildlife. You have been hired by the Office of
Sustainability to calculate the amount of trash (recycling and non-recyclable materials) generated by
each class standing (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior).
Your goal is to create an application that allows a user (a GMU employee) to initially set the average
individual’s yearly non-recyclable and recyclable material amount. The application should only accept
positive values for both the non-recyclable and recyclable material amounts. If the user provides a
negative value, the application should re-prompt the user until the given value is valid. If the given value
is invalid, provide an error message for the user. Once, the valid individuals average yearly nonrecyclable material and recyclable amounts are entered, the application should allow you to enter one
class standing information at a time. Each class standing information is composed of the class standing
name (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior) and the number of students enrolled. The number of
students must also be a positive number. The application should re-prompt the user until the given
value is valid. If the given value is invalid, provide an error message for the user.
Material Type
Non-Recyclable Material
Recyclable Material
Average Amount of Waste Per Person in LBS (2020)
525.44
1116.56
After each class standing, the application must print a well-formatted message that contains the class
standing, the total number of students for that class, and the number of total amount of waste
generated (non-recyclable and recyclable material). Upon completion of entering all the class standing
data, the application will print a well-formatted report that includes the total number of students across
all class standing, and an average of the Non-recyclable and recyclable materials generated across all
class standing.
Other Requirements:
•
•
•
•
You may not ask the user how many class standings they will enter
Your solution must not use arrays.
Remember to think about what constitutes valid input. Your solution must address this.
Your solution may not use any functions or language constructs not covered during this
semester’s IT 106 without prior authorization from your instructor, even if you know other
functions or language constructs. We want everyone to be on the same “playing field”,
regardless of previous programming exposure, and get practice with algorithmic design to solve
problems (the intent of the course). Using something existing not discussed in class does not
give you as much practice as solving the problem yourself. Doing this may lead to a substantial
grade penalty, a grade of zero, or an Honor Code inquiry. When in doubt, ask!
Hints:
•
•
•
There are a number of validations that must occur. Think about what type of validation might be
appropriate and make sure these are all handled. Don’t forget about what you learned about
data validation. When invalid data is entered, the user must be provided with an error message
and then re-prompted for the data.
Remember to parse String data using constructs like Integer.parseInt() and
Double.parseDouble() where necessary. Additionally, when using these constructs, don’t forget
to include try/catch for good validation.
Your solution will require use of a loop structure.
To Do (Check blackboard for Due Dates):
Programming Assignment 1: Solution Design
1) Create a defining diagram that shows the input, processing, and output
2) Create a solution algorithm using pseudocode
3) Show testing using the desk checking table method, to include test data, expected results, and a
desk checking table. Make sure your desk checking considers multiple cases including both valid
and invalid test data to prove your algorithm will work in all cases
Upload a Word document containing only items about to Blackboard
Grading Criteria
Requirement
Points
Defining Diagram with input, processing, and output
40
Efficient Solution Algorithm
40
Through Desk Checking Table including test data, and expected results
20
Programming Assignment 2: Solution Implementation
Write a well-documented, efficient Java program that implements the algorithm you identified. Include
appropriate documentation as identified in the documentation expectations document.
Note: You must use the JOptionPane class for input/output. Additionally, if you System.exit as shown in
the textbook, it may only be used as the absolute last line in the program. You may not use System.exit,
or any variant that exits the program in the middle of the program. The program should be designed to
only exit once the algorithm has finished.
Upload the .java file of the final program to Blackboard. Be careful that you do not submit a .class file
instead of a .java file.
Your program must successfully compile using jGrasp. Partial credit is available. Any final program that
does not compile, for any reason, will receive an automatic zero. Other IDEs often place in additional
code that you are unaware of, doing too much of the work for you. You are strongly discouraged from
using IDEs other than jGrasp.
Grading Criteria
Requirement
Implementation of Java Program, using efficient practices where appropriate, such as the use
of constants, good variable names, no redundant code, etc.
Appropriate objective-style documentation
Appropriate intermediate comments
Points
70
10
20
IT 300 Modern Telecommunications
1
(note: only a high-level guide, does not cover all questions on the midterm)
Lectures 1 through 5
Midterm Review
2
Midterm Exam: Lectures 1 to 5
Question Breakdown: (all questions multiple choice and true/false.

Some questions require the application of equations provided on the
“Midterm Formula Sheet” )

Lecture 1:
Lecture 2:
Lecture 3:
Lecture 4:
Lecture 5:

Exam covers lectures and reading assignments
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3
15 questions
8 questions
10 questions
9 questions
8 questions
Midterm Exam: Lectures 1 to 5
Online using the Respondus LockDown browser with Webcam

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Follow instructions – photo ID and scan of test area – important!
Sign into Bb, navigate to course/assessments folder, open exam
Two hours to complete – questions presented one at a time, but can
navigate
Single attempt only!
Closed Book and Notes, clean desk, phones & computers
turned off
Bring
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4
Photo ID
Printed copy of the “Midterm Formula Sheet” provided in the Course
Content folder
Calculator (programmable calculators okay, but you cannot you
programming features)
Midterm Review – Lecture 1 (SUMMARY)
Fundamental Principles of Communications
Know:
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5
OSI Reference Model (7 Layers)
Definitions: Link, Circuit, Channel, Dedicated circuit, Switched
circuit, Virtual circuit, Packet switched circuit
Full versus Partial Mesh Networks
Acoustic Versus Electromagnetic and Electrical
Optical signals
Sinusoidal equations for frequency wavelength, period,
amplitude, phase angle
Midterm Review – Lecture 1
Fundamental Principles of Communications
Acoustic, electrical, E-M signals


What are the differences? ..transducers?
Electrical Signals
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Voltage and current carry the information
Resistance of the transmission line attenuates the electrical
signal
Power “moves” the signal down the transmission line
E-M Signals
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6
Antennas create electromagnetic signals which carry
information
Current flow creates the E-M wave (RH rule)
Electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field
E-M Power density (watts per m2) spreads and weakens as the
E-M signal moves further away from the source
Midterm Review – Lecture 1
Fundamental Principles of Communications
Optical Signals

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At higher frequencies (THz range), greater capacity
Immune from RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) and EMI
(Electromagnetic Interference) – photons
Most networks are comprised of a combination of
electrical, optical and RF Signals
Signal representation – sinusoidal wave form
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7
Period, Frequency, Wavelength, Amplitude, Phase Angle
f=1/T
f=c/
c(t) = A sin(2πft ± ɸ), c(t) = A cos(2πft ± ɸ)
A sin(2πft + π/2) = A cos(2πft)
Midterm Review – Lecture 1
Fundamental Principles of Communications
Frequency Bandwidth
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Signals that carry information will have a frequency bandwidth
that can be plotted in the frequency domain
Bandwidth = FrequencyHIGH – FrequencyLOW
Modulation is a process in which a baseband
information/message is increased in frequency through
the modulation of the carrier waveform
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8
Carrier wave, c(t)
Message wave, m(t)
Modulated Carrier Wave , s(t)
Midterm Review – Lecture 1
Fundamental Principles of Communications
Simplex, Half Duplex (HDX), Full Duplex (FDX)
communications
Frequency Units of Measure
1 kHz (kilo) = 1000 * 1 Hz = 1×103 = 1E3 Hz
1 MHz (mega) = 1,000,000 * 1 Hz = 1×106 = 1E6 Hz
1 GHz (giga) = 1,000,000,000 * 1Hz = 1E9 Hz
1 THz (tera) = 1E12 Hz
1 PHz (peta) = 1E15 Hz
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9
Midterm Review – Lecture 2 (Summary)
Analog and Digital Communications

Know:
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Baseband, passband, broadband
Problems on AM, FM and PM equations
Hartley’s Law (M’ary digital modulation)
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BPSK, QPSK, QAM, ASK, FSK, PSK
Baud verse data rate
Midterm Review – Lecture 2
Analog and Digital Communications
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Analog versus Digital information and signals
Baseband, Passband, Broadband
Periodic versus Aperiodic
MODEM (modulate/demodulate)
Analog Information/Message to Analog Signal (modulated
signal)
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Information/message:
Unmodulated Carrier:
AM, FM, PM
m(t)=Amsin(2πfmt ±ɸ) or m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt ±ɸ)
c(t)=Acsin(2πfct ±ɸ) or c(t)=Accos(2πfct ±ɸ)
Midterm Review – Lecture 2
Analog and Digital Communications

AM Signal: s(t)=Ac(1+ µAMcos(2πfmt ))cos(2πfct )
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FM Signal: s(t)= Ac cos(2πfct +sin(2πfmt))
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FM Index:  = ∆f/fm = (Kvco*Am)/fm, KVCO(Hz/volts)
Bandwith: BW=2fm(1+)
PM Signal: s(t) = Ac cos (2πfct + μp cos (2πfmt))
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AM Index: µAM=Am/Ac , 0≤µAM≤1
Bandwidth: BW=2fm
PM Index: μp=Kp*Am, Kp (radians/volts)
Bandwidth: BW=2(μp+1)fm
Digital Information/Message to Analog Signal
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12
ASK, FSK, PSK (BPSK, QPSK), QAM
c(t)=Accos(2πfct ±ɸ), m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), =∆f/fm=(Kvco*Am)/fm
s(t) = Ac cos (2πfct + βFM *sin(2πfmt)),
Frequency BW = 2fm(1+), Frequency Swing = fm(1+)
Example. Given c(t)=3cos(4GHz*πt ±ɸ), m(t)=2cos(2π4kHz*t), Kvco=10E3(Hz/v)
Write s(t):
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c(t)=Acsin(2πfct ±ɸ), m(t)=Amsin(2πfmt)
s(t) = Ac(1+ µAM sin(2πfmt ))sin(2πfct ), µAM=Am/Ac , where 0≤µAM≤1
Frequency Domain: BWAM= 2fm
Example. Given s(t) = 7(1+ 0.22sin(2π1kHz*t ))sin(2π100Mhz*t ),
Write m(t) & c(t):
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Midterm Review – Lecture 2
Analog and Digital Communications
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Hartley’s Law: C(bps) = Baud * log2M
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M’ary Modulation
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15
Note: log2M = log10M/log102
Examples: MQAM: 16QAM, 64QAM, etc.
Midterm Review – Lecture 3 (Summary)
Analog and Digital Communications
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Know:
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Nyquist Sampling Theorem
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Quantization (bit depth), Quantization Noise (Error)
Data rates required to sample/quantize analog signals
PCM, DPCM, ADPCM
Line Coding: NRZ, B8ZS, Manchester, AMI
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16
Aliasing
4B5B (4bit mapping to 5 bit sequences)
Error Control: Error Detection versus Error Correction
Multiplexing: FDM, TDM
Midterm Review – Lecture 3
Analog and Digital Communications

Nyquist Sampling Theorem: fs≥ 2*BW
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Pulse Code Modulation – sampling and quantization
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ASCII, Extended ASCII, EBCDIC Unicode
Digital Signal Line Coding – binary data to electrical signal
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Quantization Noise/Error
Bit Depth
CODEC (Coder/Decoder)
DPCM, ADPCM
Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI)
Digital Signal Encoding – symbols to binary data
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Aliasing
Know: NRZ, Bipolar AMI, Manchester, B8ZS
4B/5B
17
Midterm Review – Lecture 3
Analog and Digital Communications

Timing – Digital Synchronization
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Asynchronous
Synchronous
Isochronous
Plesichronous
Error Control
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18
Error Detection – parity, CRC
ARQ
Error Correction – Block, Convolutional
Midterm Review – Lecture 3
Analog and Digital Communications

Data Security
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Physical
Authentication
Authorization
Port Security
Transmission Security
Firewalls
Multiplexing
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FDM
TDM
Spread Spectrum – DSSS, FHSS
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19
PN Codes
Midterm Review – Lecture 4 (Summary)
Transmission Systems – Guided Medium
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Decibel conversions (W, mW, dBW, dBm)
SNR, receive sensitivity
Noise: Thermal Noise, Intermodulation Noise, Crosstalk,
Impulse Noise
Shannon Hartley Equation
BER
Guided Medium: UTP, Coax., Fiber Optic (TIR)
Propagation Delay
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Midterm Review – Lecture 4
Transmission Systems – Guided Medium
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Decibel Measure
SNR
Noise
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Thermal Noise
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Thermal Noise Power: N=kTB
Thermal Noise Density: N=kT
Intermodulation Noise
Crosstalk
Impulse Noise
Shannon Hartley Equation: C(bps)=BW*log2(1+SNR)
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Midterm Review – Lecture 4
Transmission Systems – Guided Medium
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Transmission System Parameters
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Modulation method
Transmit power
Attenuation and path impairments
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Resistance, Current, Voltage
Wire diameter, Gauge
SNR and receiver sensitivity
Frequency bandwidth
Capacity (bps)
Propagation Delay
Error performance (BER)
Security
Costs, Overall Complexity
Midterm Review – Lecture 4
Transmission Systems – Guided Medium
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Unshielded Twisted Pair
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Coaxial
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Balanced configuration
Crosstalk and delay skew
Unbalanced configuration
Optical Fiber
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RFI, EMI Immunity
TIR, Refractive Index (RI or n); n=c/Vs
Core and Cladding: n(cladding) < n(core) OEO Repeaters/Regenerators Optical Switches & Amplifiers Midterm Review – Lecture 4 Transmission Systems – Guided Medium  Optical Fibers:  SMF   MMF      Speed, Power, Spectral Width, Coherence, Optical Detectors – PINs, APDs OEO Repeaters/Regenerators, Optical Switches & Amplifiers  24 Step and Graded Index Modal Dispersion Optical Transmission Windows (wavelength) Optical Light Sources – LEDs, LDs   Chromatic Dispersion Do not need to know the specifics of EDFA, Raman Amplification, MEMs, or Microfluidic Midterm Review – Lecture 5 (Summary) Transmission Systems – Unguided Medium       Antenna Reciprocity Theorem Antenna and EM wave Polarization RF Propagation: Multipath LOS, Refraction, etc. Multiple Access: DAMA, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA Spread Spectrum versus OFDMA FSL attenuation 25 Midterm Review – Lecture 5 Transmission Systems – Unguided Medium    Unguided – E-M field, Power Density E-M polarization, Antenna Polarization E-M Propagation   Reflection, Refraction, Scattering/Dispersion, Diffraction, Absorption, Direct LOS Multipath   MIMO & DSP Access Method – DAMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA  26 FDD, TDD Midterm Review – Lecture 5 Transmission Systems – Unguided Medium  Spread Spectrum – FHSS, DSSS     DSSS – PN Codes (ex., CDMA) Shannon-Hartley: C(bps)=BW * log2(1+SNR) OFDM and OFDMA Examples of Unguided:    Microwave WLL (BWA) – ex., WiMAX 802.16 Satellite Communications    27 LEO, MEO, GEO Foot Print, Transponder, Propagation Delay N=kTB, [N]=[k]+[T]+[B], k=1.38E-23 J/K, [S/N]=[SNR]=[S]-[N], S=Pr Example: Receiver sensitivity [SNR]=100dBm Given: Pr=1E-6mW, T=295K, B=4kHz, can you close link? 28 Back up 29