USC Argument Structure Discussion

Chapter 4
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 Get acquainted with group members
 Clarify group goals
 Develop a plan for gathering Information
 Follow a structured agenda
 Share information
 Determine how to present your
information
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 Introduce yourself
 Share your contact information
 Discuss your experience
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 Define goals
 Identify purpose
 Establish end
game
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 Focus on the purpose of the project
 Encourage all members to participate
▪ Positively reinforce member’s
contributions
 Establish a timeline of what’s due when
 Periodically review timeline
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Identify and define the problem
2. Analyze the problem
3. Generate several possible solutions.
4. Select the best solution or combination of
solutions
5. Test and implement the solution
6. Develop a written agenda for each
meeting
1.
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 Develop a positive climate
 Explicitly ask everyone to share information
 Share written and oral information
 Ensure unshared information is disclosed
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 A panel discussion
 A symposium presentation
 A forum presentation.
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 Develop explicit ground rules
 Make members accountable
 Make the issue a group concern
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 Team has an unclear vision
 Expectations aren’t clear
 Members aren’t clear about the process
 Trust needs to be developed
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 Develop if-then statements
 Analyze the problem
 Use evidence
 Evaluate the quality of the evidence
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 Attitude
▪ A learned predisposition
 Beliefs
▪ What you hold to be true or false
 Values
▪ Enduring perception of good and bad
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 Inductive
 Deductive
 Causal
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 Are there enough specific examples to
support the conclusion?
 Are the specific instances typical?
 Are the instances recent?
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 Syllogism
▪ Major premise
▪ Is the major premise (general statement) true?
▪ Minor premise
▪ Is the minor premise (the particular statement) also
true?
▪ Conclusion
Ex.
All men are mortal, Socrates is a man,
therefore, Socrates is mortal.
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 Reason from cause to effect
▪ Moving from a known fact (cause) to predict a
result (effect)
 Reason backward
▪ Moving from a known effect to an unknown
cause
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 Facts
 Examples
 Opinions
 Statistics
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 Is it true?
 Is the source reliable?
 Are there any contrary facts?
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 Is it typical?
 Is it significant?
 Are there any contrary examples?
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 Is the source reliable?
 Is the source an expert in the field?
 Is the source free from bias?
 Is the opinion consistent with other
statements made by the same source?
 Is the opinion characteristic of opinions
held by other experts in the field?
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 Is the source reliable?
 Is the source unbiased?
 Are the figures recent?
 How were the statistics drawn?
 Does the statistic actually measure what it
is supposed to measure?
 Are there contrary statistics?
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 Accountability
 Objectivity
 Accuracy
 Recency
 Usability
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Discovery
• The ability to seek and find relevant
information
Organization
• The ability to categorize and structure
information
Analysis
• The ability to break information down into
pieces and interpret each piece
Synthesis
• The ability to combine information, to see
new patterns and put information together
in meaningful ways
Clarification
• The ability to focus the group and to
differentiate between key and information
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 Causal
 Either/Or
 Bandwagon
 Hasty
Generalization
 Attacking the
Person
 Red Herring
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